Peptide directory

Abaloparatide is a synthetic 34-amino-acid analogue of parathyroid hormone-related protein, not of parathyroid hormone itself. Like teriparatide it is a daily injectable …

ACE-031 was a decoy receptor: the muscle-side portion of ActRIIB, fused to an antibody tail, designed to mop up myostatin and related proteins before they could reach the…

Acetyl hexapeptide-8 is a six-amino-acid mimic of the N-terminus of SNAP-25, marketed as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin. The receptor-level rationale is coheren…

Acetyl octapeptide-3 is acetyl hexapeptide-8 with two extra residues (alanine and aspartate) added to the C-terminus, extending its overlap with the SNAP-25 N-terminal re…

Acetyl tetrapeptide-5 is a synthetic four-residue peptide whose first two residues, beta-alanine and histidine, are exactly the dipeptide carnosine. It is used mainly in …

Adipotide is not a hormone or a metabolic signal. It is a targeted cell-killing molecule: one half finds the blood vessels feeding white fat, the other half destroys the …

Adrenomedullin is a 52-residue vasodilator peptide isolated in 1993 from human phaeochromocytoma tissue, structurally related to CGRP and amylin. It is a key regulator of…

Afamelanotide is a stabilised analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that activates the MC1 receptor on skin melanocytes and increases eumelanin production. It …

Alarelin is a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist: a nonapeptide analogue of GnRH with D-alanine at position 6 and an ethylamide replacing the tenth residue, the same…

Albiglutide was a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist created by fusing a tandem GLP-1 dimer to recombinant human albumin. It was approved in the United States and Europea…

Anamorelin is an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist developed for cancer cachexia, the wasting syndrome that accompanies advanced malignancy. Two large phase 3 trials…

Angiotensin II is the endogenous octapeptide at the business end of the renin-angiotensin system, the hormone that ACE inhibitors and sartans exist to block. Since 2017 i…

AOD-9604 is a 16-amino-acid fragment of the tail end of human growth hormone, developed in Australia in the 1990s on the theory that it carries growth hormone's fat-burni…

Apelin-13 is a short fragment of the apelin precursor and the most potent endogenous agonist at the apelin receptor (APJ). It is a powerful positive inotrope and vasodila…

B7-33 is a truncated, single-chain analogue of human relaxin-2 that acts as a biased agonist at the RXFP1 receptor, preferentially triggering ERK1/2 rather than cAMP sign…

Bacitracin is a cyclic peptide antibiotic described in 1945, produced by a Bacillus strain isolated in 1943 from the wound of a patient named Margaret Tracy, from whom it…

Beta-endorphin is a 31-residue opioid peptide cleaved from proopiomelanocortin, the same precursor that yields ACTH and the melanocortins. It is a potent endogenous mu-op…

Bivalirudin is a synthetic 20-amino-acid peptide anticoagulant that blocks thrombin directly, without needing antithrombin as a cofactor. It was designed from the leech a…

Bortezomib is a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor licensed for multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. It is a modified dipeptide in which the terminal carboxylate h…

BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide said to derive from a larger protein in human gastric juice. It has an unusually large animal literature showing accelerated …

Bradykinin is a nine-residue kinin released from kininogen by plasma kallikrein during contact system activation. It is a potent vasodilator and permeability factor, and …

Bremelanotide is a synthetic cyclic peptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that acts mainly on the MC4 melanocortin receptor in the brain. It is one of …

Bronchogen is a four-amino-acid Khavinson peptide directed at bronchial epithelium and promoted for respiratory function. Its published record runs to roughly twelve PubM…

Buserelin is a synthetic nonapeptide GnRH agonist, structurally close to goserelin but with an ethylamide rather than azaglycinamide C-terminus. It is licensed across the…

Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic version of amylin, a hormone the pancreas releases alongside insulin that signals fullness. It is being developed mainly as a part…

Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a 37-residue peptide produced by alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene and released from trigeminal sensory nerves. It is the mos…

Cardiogen is marketed as a heart-specific peptide bioregulator from the Khavinson series. The AEDR peptide itself does appear in a small number of published biophysical a…

Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor built from a tetrapeptide backbone capped with an epoxyketone warhead, derived from the natural product epoxomicin…

Carperitide is recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide, the 28-amino-acid hormone released by atrial myocytes when they are stretched. It has been licensed in Japan …

Cerebrolysin is not a peptide but a peptide preparation: an enzymatic hydrolysate of purified porcine brain protein, containing a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides…

Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist used in assisted reproduction to prevent a premature luteinising hormone surge during ovarian stimulation. …

Cholecystokinin is a family of gut peptides released from I-cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to fat and protein. It contracts the gallbladder, triggers pancr…

Cibinetide is an eleven-amino-acid peptide engineered from the helix-B surface of erythropoietin. It activates the tissue-protective innate repair receptor without stimul…

Ciclosporin is a cyclic peptide of eleven amino acids produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, and it is arguably the single most consequential peptide medicine eve…

CJC-1293 is a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue: the 1-29 fragment of human GHRH with D-alanine substituted for L-alanine at position 2, which blocks the enzyme t…

CJC-1295 with DAC is a synthetic 30-amino-acid analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone that is chemically engineered to latch onto albumin in the bloodstream, giving…

Modified GRF (1-29), sold as CJC-1295 without DAC, is the 29-amino-acid GHRH fragment carrying the same four protective amino acid substitutions as CJC-1295, but without …

Colistin, also called polymyxin E, is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic discovered in 1949 that kills Gram-negative bacteria by disrupting their outer membrane. It is almos…

Colivelin is a designed hybrid peptide: a nine-residue fragment of activity-dependent neurotrophic factor fused to the N-terminus of a potent derivative of humanin, the m…

Copper tripeptide-1 is a naturally occurring human plasma tripeptide, glycyl-histidyl-lysine, bound to copper(II). It has the strongest biological pedigree in the cosmeti…

Cortagen is a four-amino-acid peptide from the Khavinson series, designed by amino acid analysis of Cortexin, a crude bovine brain cortex extract used in Russian neurolog…

Corticorelin is synthetic corticotropin-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic peptide that sits at the top of the stress axis and drives ACTH release from the pituitary. It…

ACTH 1-39 is the full-length pituitary hormone that drives the adrenal gland to make cortisol. Its first thirteen residues correspond to alpha-MSH, so it also engages mel…

Crystagen is a synthetic tripeptide, Glu-Asp-Pro, from the Khavinson school of short peptide bioregulators, identified as one of the active fragments within the thymus ex…

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces roseosporus and licensed since 2003 for serious Gram-positive infections, including …

Degarelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist used in advanced prostate cancer. Unlike GnRH agonists it blocks the receptor directly rather than overstimu…

DSIP is a nonapeptide isolated in the 1970s from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits in whom sleep had been induced by electrical stimulation of the thalamus. It was nam…

Dermorphin is an opioid heptapeptide isolated from the skin of South American Phyllomedusa tree frogs. It is a highly potent and highly selective mu-opioid receptor agoni…

des(1-3)IGF-1 is human IGF-1 with the first three amino acids clipped off. It occurs naturally in brain and in bovine colostrum, and the truncation sharply weakens its gr…

Desirudin is a recombinant version of hirudin, the anticoagulant protein that medicinal leeches use to keep blood flowing. It is a 65-residue direct thrombin inhibitor th…

Deslorelin is a synthetic nonapeptide GnRH agonist that occupies an unusual position: it was studied in humans for central precocious puberty in the 1980s and 1990s at th…

Difelikefalin is a small synthetic peptide built entirely from D-amino acids that activates kappa opioid receptors but is deliberately engineered not to enter the brain. …

Dihexa is a small, lipid-capped dipeptide derivative of angiotensin IV, engineered at Washington State University for oral bioavailability and brain penetration. It was w…

This is a fully synthetic small molecule, not a natural peptide and not a venom product, designed to imitate the C-terminal region of waglerin-1, a 22-residue toxin from …

DNSP-11 is an eleven-amino-acid peptide cut from the propeptide region of GDNF, the growth factor precursor, rather than from the mature growth factor itself. In rats it …

Dulaglutide is a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a recombinant fusion protein: a modified human GLP-1 peptide covalently linked to an immunoglobulin G4 Fc fra…

Dynorphin A is the principal endogenous kappa-opioid receptor ligand, derived from prodynorphin. Unlike the mu-opioid system it is associated with dysphoria, aversion and…

Efinopegdutide is an investigational once-weekly dual agonist at the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, developed principally for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic li…

Elabela, also called Toddler or APELA, is the second endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor, discovered in 2013 and 2014 in what had been annotated as a non-coding regi…

Elamipretide is a four-residue mitochondria-targeting peptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, the signature phospholipid of t…

Elcatonin is a chemically stabilised analogue of eel calcitonin in which the disulfide bridge between the first and seventh residues is replaced by a non-reducible ethyle…

Endothelin-1 is a 21-residue peptide produced mainly by vascular endothelium and is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor known. Its discovery in 1988 launched an en…

Enfuvirtide is a 36-amino-acid synthetic peptide that was the first HIV entry inhibitor, and it remains the only fusion inhibitor in clinical use. It is not an oncology d…

Epitalon is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide designed in Russia in the 1990s as a defined chemical stand-in for Epithalamin, a crude bovine pineal gland extract. It is…

Eptifibatide is a small cyclic peptide that blocks the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets, the final common step in platelet aggregation. Its active fragment was…

Etelcalcetide is a small synthetic peptide built almost entirely from D-amino acids that lowers parathyroid hormone in people on haemodialysis with secondary hyperparathy…

Exenatide is a synthetic copy of exendin-4, a 39-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from the venom of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). It was the first GLP-1 r…

Follistatin is a naturally occurring protein that traps and neutralises members of the TGF-beta superfamily, most notably activins and myostatin. Because myostatin restra…

FOXO4-DRI is a senolytic peptide designed to kill senescent cells by breaking the interaction between the transcription factor FOXO4 and the tumour suppressor p53. It pro…

Galanin is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the brain, spinal cord and gut, notable because the human form is 30 residues and lacks the C-terminal amide found in ever…

Gallium-68 dotatate is the diagnostic half of the somatostatin-receptor theranostic pair: the same octreotate peptide used for lutetium-177 therapy, but labelled with a s…

Gallium-68 PSMA-11 is the PET imaging agent that made prostate-specific membrane antigen targeting clinically routine. Like PSMA-617 it is not a peptide but a small-molec…

Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist used in assisted reproduction to prevent premature ovulation during controlled ovarian stimulation. It is di…

Gastrin is the hormone that drives stomach acid secretion. It is released from G-cells in the gastric antrum in response to protein, stomach distension and vagal stimulat…

Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide made mainly by X/A-like cells in the stomach lining. It is the only known circulating hormone that increases appetite, rising before me…

GHRP-1 is a synthetic heptapeptide growth hormone secretagogue from the Bowers and Momany series, developed in the 1980s from enkephalin-derived lead compounds more than …

GHRP-2, generically named pralmorelin, is a synthetic hexapeptide agonist at the ghrelin receptor and one of the most potent acute stimulators of growth hormone release k…

GHRP-4 is a synthetic tetrapeptide corresponding to a truncated member of the growth hormone-releasing peptide family, retaining the aromatic core that gives the class it…

GHRP-5, sometimes called the Momany peptide, is a synthetic pentapeptide from the original growth hormone-releasing peptide series and was the most potent compound report…

GHRP-6 is the original growth hormone-releasing peptide, described by Cyril Bowers and colleagues in 1984, more than a decade before anyone knew what receptor it acted on…

Glucagon is the 29-amino-acid counter-regulatory hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, and simultaneously a licensed medicine. As a drug it is used to reverse sever…

GLP-1 is the gut hormone behind the current generation of diabetes and obesity medicines. It is released from intestinal L-cells after eating and amplifies insulin secret…

GLP-2 is a 33-amino-acid hormone released from L-cells in the ileum and colon after eating, cut from the same proglucagon precursor that yields GLP-1. Its defining action…

GIP is a 42-amino-acid hormone released from K-cells in the duodenum and upper jejunum in response to nutrients, especially fat and glucose. Together with GLP-1 it accoun…

Tripeptide-1 is the INCI name for copper-free glycyl-histidyl-lysine, the tripeptide that becomes copper tripeptide-1 or GHK-Cu when complexed with copper(II). It occurs …

Gonadorelin is synthetic GnRH, chemically identical to the hormone the hypothalamus itself releases. Its four-minute half-life means everything depends on how it is deliv…

Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist given as a small biodegradable implant placed under the skin of the abdomen. Like other agonists it suppresses sex hormo…

Gramicidin is a linear peptide antibiotic isolated by Rene Dubos in 1939 from a soil bacillus, and is generally credited as the first antibiotic to be produced commercial…

HEP-1, marketed in Russia as gepon since 2001, is a synthetic 14-residue peptide whose sequence derives from a region of human ezrin. Its developers propose that it suppr…

Hexapeptide-11 is a six-residue peptide, Phe-Val-Ala-Pro-Phe-Pro, originally isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae extracts; the same sequence also occurs within casein …

Hexarelin, generically examorelin, is GHRP-6 with a single methyl group added, a change that makes it more potent and more metabolically stable. It is pharmacologically t…

HGH fragment 176-191 is the tail end of the human growth hormone molecule, sold widely as a fat-loss injectable. It has never been tested in a registered human clinical t…

Histrelin is a synthetic nonapeptide GnRH agonist delivered exclusively as a small flexible implant inserted under the skin of the inner upper arm, which releases drug st…

Oligopeptide-1 is the cosmetic name for human epidermal growth factor, a 53-residue protein with three disulfide bonds, a genuine growth factor, not a designed cosmetic p…

Humanin is a 24-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, discovered in 2001 in surviving neurons from an Alzheimer's brain. It was the …

Icatibant is a synthetic decapeptide that blocks the bradykinin B2 receptor. It is licensed for treating acute attacks of hereditary angioedema, the swelling disorder cau…

Insulin aspart is a rapid-acting recombinant insulin analogue in which a single proline residue is replaced by aspartic acid, introducing a negative charge that stops the…

Insulin degludec is an ultra-long-acting basal insulin analogue with a half-life of about 25 hours and a duration of action beyond 42 hours. Its distinguishing feature is…

Insulin detemir is a basal insulin analogue that works by binding reversibly to albumin in the blood and in subcutaneous tissue, creating a circulating buffer that slows …

Insulin glargine is a long-acting recombinant insulin analogue, licensed since 2000, that provides background (basal) insulin cover for roughly a day from a single inject…

Insulin glulisine is a rapid-acting insulin analogue and the third of its class to reach the market, licensed in 2004. It carries two amino acid substitutions in the B ch…

Regular, or soluble, human insulin is the unmodified 51-amino-acid human insulin sequence manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. It is the reference short-acting ins…

Insulin icodec is the first basal insulin designed for once-weekly injection, with a half-life of about 196 hours, roughly eight days. It achieves this through three amin…

Insulin lispro was the first engineered insulin analogue ever licensed, approved in 1996. It is human insulin with two adjacent B-chain residues swapped, a change that we…

Ipamorelin is a five-amino-acid ghrelin receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk in the 1990s and named 'the first selective growth hormone secretagogue' because, unlik…

Isophane insulin, universally known as NPH, is not an insulin analogue at all. The insulin molecule in it is unmodified human insulin, identical in sequence to what the p…

Ixazomib is the first orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor, given as a boronic ester that hydrolyses to the active boronic acid on contact with plasma. It offers conv…

Kisspeptin-10 is the shortest fully active fragment of kisspeptin, the hypothalamic peptide that sits immediately upstream of GnRH and acts as the master switch for the h…

Kisspeptin-54 is a naturally occurring human peptide, encoded by the KISS1 gene, that acts as the master upstream trigger of GnRH release. It is not a licensed medicine a…

KPV is the three-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It retains much of the parent hormone's anti-inflammatory activity without its pi…

Lanreotide is a synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analogue closely related to octreotide, licensed for acromegaly, for the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, and for slowin…

Lepirudin was a recombinant hirudin, a 65-residue direct thrombin inhibitor produced in yeast, licensed specifically for anticoagulating patients with heparin-induced thr…

Leu-enkephalin is the second of the two opioid pentapeptides identified in 1975, differing from met-enkephalin by a single C-terminal residue. It is a preferred endogenou…

Leuprorelin is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and one of the most widely prescribed hormonal medicines in the world. Although …

Linaclotide is a 14-amino-acid, disulfide-rich peptide taken by mouth that activates guanylate cyclase-C receptors on the lining of the intestine. It increases intestinal…

Liraglutide was the first acylated GLP-1 receptor agonist to reach wide clinical use and remains the reference point against which the weekly agents are judged. It is tak…

Lixisenatide is a short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4 by deleting one proline and appending six lysine residues at the C-terminus. Unlike long-acti…

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin: a 37-residue cationic peptide released from the hCAP18 precursor by neutrophils and epithelial cells. It kills bacteria by disruptin…

Long R3 IGF-1 is a laboratory-engineered version of human insulin-like growth factor 1, redesigned so that it escapes the binding proteins that normally hold IGF-1 in che…

Lutetium-177 dotatate is a radiolabelled somatostatin analogue, a genuine peptide therapeutic, used for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy of somatostatin-receptor-pos…

Lutetium-177 PSMA-617 is a targeted radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Despite frequently being grouped with peptide radiopharmaceut…

Macimorelin is an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist licensed as a diagnostic test for adult growth hormone deficiency. It is the only oral growth hormone stimulation…

Mazdutide is a once-weekly dual agonist at the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, engineered from human oxyntomodulin. It was approved by China's National Medical Products Adm…

Mechano growth factor is not a separate hormone. It is a short peptide tail produced when the IGF-1 gene is spliced a particular way in mechanically loaded muscle, and th…

Melanotan II is a non-selective synthetic melanocortin agonist that darkens skin and produces erections and appetite suppression. It was abandoned in development, has nev…

Met-enkephalin is one of the two original opioid pentapeptides identified in 1975, derived mainly from proenkephalin. It signals preferentially at delta-opioid receptors …

Motilin is a 22-amino-acid hormone released cyclically from M-cells of the duodenum during fasting. It initiates phase III of the migrating motor complex: the powerful sw…

MOTS-c is a small peptide encoded not by the cell nucleus but by mitochondrial DNA, which makes it genuinely interesting biology. In mice it activates AMPK, improves insu…

Myostatin is the body's principal brake on skeletal muscle growth, a protein made by muscle that tells muscle to stop growing. Animals and people who lack it are striking…

Myristoyl pentapeptide-17 is a synthetic lipopeptide: a cationic five-residue sequence, lysine-leucine-alanine-lysine-lysine, with a 14-carbon myristic acid chain at one …

N-Acetyl Epitalon is a chemically modified version of Epitalon in which the N-terminus carries an acetyl group, marketed on the claim that this improves stability and abs…

N-Acetyl semax amidate is Semax with two chemical caps added: an acetyl group on the N-terminus and an amide on the C-terminus. Both modifications are standard medicinal-…

Nafarelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist distinguished by its bulky naphthylalanine substitution and by being delivered as a nasal spray rather than an injection…

Nesiritide is recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide, identical to the 32-amino-acid hormone the failing heart releases in response to wall stretch. Given intraveno…

Neuropeptide Y is a 36-residue peptide and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian brain, also present throughout sympathetic nerves. It governs appetite,…

Neurotensin is a 13-residue peptide found in brain and in enteroendocrine N cells of the small intestine, isolated in 1973 from bovine hypothalamus during the purificatio…

NAD+ is not a peptide. It is a dinucleotide coenzyme, built from nicotinamide and adenine linked through two ribose sugars and a pyrophosphate bridge, and it is present i…

Nociceptin, also called orphanin FQ, is the endogenous ligand of the NOP receptor, identified in 1995 by two groups simultaneously. It is structurally an opioid peptide t…

Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid amidated peptide cut from the same precursor protein as ghrelin. It was announced in Science in 2005 as an anti-ghrelin hormone that suppress…

Octreotide is a synthetic eight-amino-acid analogue of the natural hormone somatostatin, engineered to resist the enzymes that destroy the parent peptide within minutes. …

Orexin A is a 33-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide, also called hypocretin-1, that maintains wakefulness, stabilises the boundary between sleep states, and influences …

Orexin B, also called hypocretin-2, is the second peptide cleaved from the prepro-orexin precursor. It is a linear 28-residue amidated peptide that binds OX2R with high a…

Ovagen is sold as a liver and gastrointestinal peptide bioregulator from the Khavinson series. Despite the name, it is not marketed for ovarian tissue. The EDL tripeptide…

Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid hormone from the posterior pituitary with two almost entirely separate reputations. As a uterotonic it is one of the best-evidenced and most…

P021 is a small peptide mimetic derived from a four-residue active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor, with an adamantane cage attached at the C-terminus to make it li…

Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 is the tropoelastin repeat motif Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly with a palmitic acid chain attached. VGVAPG is the best-characterised of all elastin-der…

Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 is a five-amino-acid fragment of type I procollagen (KTTKS) with a 16-carbon palmitic acid tail attached to help it cross the skin's lipid barrie…

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 is a palmitoylated version of rigin, a four-residue fragment (Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg) isolated from human immunoglobulin G in 1981. In cosmetics it is s…

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1 is the tripeptide glycyl-histidyl-lysine (GHK) with a 16-carbon palmitic acid chain on its N-terminus, added to make the water-loving peptide parti…

Palmitoyl tripeptide-5 is a synthetic lipopeptide of lysine-valine-lysine with a palmitic acid tail, sold on the claim that it imitates thrombospondin-1 and thereby activ…

Pancragen is a four-amino-acid Khavinson peptide directed at the endocrine pancreas and promoted for glucose regulation. It has the most developed evidence base of the or…

Parathyroid hormone (1-84) is the complete, full-length human hormone made by recombinant DNA technology, rather than the 34-residue fragment used in teriparatide. It was…

Pasireotide is a second-generation somatostatin analogue with a deliberately broad receptor profile, binding four of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes with high aff…

PE 22-28 is a seven-residue fragment of the propeptide cleaved from sortilin during its maturation. It is the shortened, more potent descendant of spadin (PE 12-28), a pe…

PEG-MGF is the mechano growth factor E-peptide with a polyethylene glycol chain attached, sold on the premise that pegylation makes it last longer in the body. Pegylation…

Pentapeptide-18 is a cosmetic name for [D-Ala2]-leu-enkephalin, an enzymatically stabilised analogue of the endogenous opioid peptide leu-enkephalin that has been a stand…

Peptide YY is released from L-cells of the ileum and colon after eating, in proportion to the calories consumed. The enzyme DPP-4 trims the full 36-residue peptide to PYY…

Pinealon is a three-amino-acid peptide from the Khavinson series, derived by amino acid analysis of brain and pineal tissue extracts and promoted for cognitive protection…

Plecanatide is a 16-amino-acid peptide taken by mouth that is a near-copy of the human hormone uroguanylin, differing by a single amino acid. Like linaclotide it activate…

PNC-27 is a 32-residue laboratory construct: residues 12 to 26 of the p53 tumour suppressor, which form its HDM-2 binding domain, fused to a membrane-penetrating leader s…

Polymyxin B is a cationic cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic isolated from Paenibacillus polymyxa in the late 1940s. It kills Gram-negative bacteria by tearing open their oute…

Pramlintide is a synthetic analogue of human amylin, the second hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells alongside insulin. It is licensed in the United States as a meal…

Prostamax is marketed as a prostate-specific peptide bioregulator from the Khavinson series. Three published studies do examine this compound, but all three are chromatin…

Protirelin is synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone, the smallest peptide hormone in human physiology at just three amino acids. It triggers release of thyrotropin and …

PTD-DBM is a cell-penetrating decoy peptide designed to block the interaction between CXXC5 and Dishevelled, releasing a brake on Wnt/beta-catenin signalling in skin. In …

Retatrutide is an investigational peptide that activates three receptors at once: GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon. Adding glucagon receptor activity is intended to raise energy e…

Romidepsin is a bicyclic depsipeptide natural product from the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum and a potent inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases. It is a genuine…

Salmon calcitonin is a 32-amino-acid hormone from the ultimobranchial gland of salmon that lowers blood calcium by switching off osteoclasts. It is far more potent at the…

Secretin was the first hormone ever discovered, identified by Bayliss and Starling in 1902, and it is the molecule that gave the word 'hormone' its meaning. It is a 27-am…

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide built from the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) with the same Pro-Gly-Pro stabilising tail used in Semax. Develo…

Semaglutide is a chemically modified copy of the human gut hormone GLP-1, engineered to survive in the bloodstream for about a week instead of a few minutes. It lowers bl…

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide designed in the Soviet Union in the 1980s by taking the first four residues of the adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment ACTH(4-10) and a…

Serelaxin is recombinant human relaxin-2, a peptide hormone of pregnancy that produces systemic vasodilation and renal adaptation. It was developed for acute heart failur…

Sermorelin is the first 29 amino acids of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, the shortest fragment that retains the full activity of the natural hormone. It was the …

Setmelanotide is a cyclic octapeptide agonist at the melanocortin 4 receptor. Unlike the other compounds in this group it is not a reproductive peptide at all. It acts on…

Somatostatin is the body's own universal inhibitory hormone, a 14-amino-acid cyclic peptide discovered in 1973 as the hypothalamic factor that blocks growth hormone relea…

Substance P is an eleven-amino-acid tachykinin released from sensory nerve endings and from many non-neuronal cells. It is the preferred endogenous ligand at the neurokin…

Survodutide is an investigational once-weekly dual agonist at the glucagon receptor and the GLP-1 receptor, developed for obesity and for metabolic dysfunction-associated…

Tabimorelin is an orally active growth hormone secretagogue developed by Novo Nordisk in the late 1990s and abandoned in phase 2. It reached human trials in growth-hormon…

Teduglutide is a 33-amino-acid analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in which the alanine at position 2 is replaced by glycine, making it resistant to breakdo…

Teriparatide is the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone, made by recombinant DNA technology. Given as a once-daily injection it is one of the few genuinely …

Tesamorelin is a synthetic version of the complete 44-amino-acid human growth hormone-releasing hormone, stabilised by attaching a small fatty acid group to its N-terminu…

Testagen is a four-amino-acid Khavinson peptide assigned to testicular tissue and marketed for testosterone and reproductive function. Its published record is two PubMed-…

Tetrapeptide-21 is a four-residue synthetic peptide, glycine-glutamate-lysine-glycine, designed in silico from extracellular matrix protein sequences and marketed as a co…

Thymalin is not a peptide in the usual sense. It is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide complex extracted from calf thymus, standardised by biological activity rather than…

Thymogen is a synthetic dipeptide, Glu-Trp, identified by Russian researchers as an active fragment within the calf thymus extract thymalin. It is a registered medicine i…

Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid peptide originally purified from calf thymus that acts as an immune modulator, mainly by engaging Toll-like receptors on dendritic cel…

Thymosin beta-4 is a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering peptide found in nearly all human cells and in wound fluid. It is the most clinically tested com…

Tirzepatide is a single 39-amino-acid peptide that activates two different incretin receptors at once, GIP and GLP-1. In head-to-head trials it produced greater weight lo…

Triptorelin is a long-acting synthetic analogue of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. Given continuously it shuts the reproductive axis down rather than stimulating it, whi…

VIP is a 28-residue neuropeptide of the secretin/glucagon family, produced by nerves and immune cells, signalling through the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. It is a genuine a…

Vesugen is a three-amino-acid Khavinson peptide assigned to vascular endothelium and promoted for blood vessel health. It has around six indexed papers, all preclinical o…

Vilon is a two-amino-acid peptide, the shortest of the Khavinson series, derived from analysis of the thymic extract Thymalin and studied as an immunomodulator and geropr…

Voclosporin is a semi-synthetic cyclic undecapeptide calcineurin inhibitor, made by adding a single carbon to one side chain of ciclosporin. That small change increases c…

Vosoritide is a 39-amino-acid analogue of C-type natriuretic peptide, engineered to resist the enzyme that normally destroys the natural hormone within minutes. It is the…

Ziconotide is a synthetic copy of a 25-amino-acid toxin from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus magus. It blocks N-type calcium channels on pain-transmitting nerve …