Educational information only. Nothing on this site is medical advice, and no dose mentioned here is a recommendation. Speak to a prescriber who knows your history.

Clinical studies index

Every study cited across the library, in one searchable table, 905 records covering 196 compounds. Each links out to PubMed, the DOI or the trial registry.

Why we link rather than host

Published papers are copyrighted by their journals. We record the citation, the design, the sample size and the finding, and send you to the source, which is also where you can check whether we have characterised it fairly. Where a paper is open access, the DOI link will reach the full text directly.

Sorted by compound. Tier reflects our assessment of that individual study, not the compound overall.
CompoundStudyYear DesignTierSource
Abaloparatide Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial 2016 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial with open-label teriparatide comparator; n=2,463 postmenopausal women; 18 months. Published as 316(7):722-33. PMID DOI Trial
Abaloparatide Eighteen months of treatment with subcutaneous abaloparatide followed by 6 months of treatment with alendronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of the ACTIVExtend trial 2017 Pre-specified open-label extension of ACTIVE; 18 months of abaloparatide followed by 6 months of alendronate versus placebo followed by alendronate (approximately 25 months total). Published as 92(2):200-210. PMID DOI Trial
Abaloparatide Fracture and bone mineral density response by baseline risk in patients treated with abaloparatide followed by alendronate: results from the phase 3 ACTIVExtend trial 2019 Pre-specified subgroup analysis of the ACTIVExtend extension by baseline fracture risk. Published as 34(12):2213-2219. PMID DOI
Abaloparatide The efficacy and safety of abaloparatide-SC in men with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial 2022 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in men with osteoporosis (ATOM); 12 months. Published as 37(12):2435-2442. PMID DOI
Abaloparatide Abaloparatide increases lumbar spine and hip BMD in Japanese patients with osteoporosis: the phase 3 ACTIVE-J study 2022 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in a Japanese osteoporosis population; 18 months. Published as 107(10):e4222-e4231. PMID DOI
ACE-031 (soluble ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein) A single ascending-dose study of muscle regulator ACE-031 in healthy volunteers 2013 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled single ascending dose; n=48 healthy postmenopausal women receiving ACE-031 0.02-3 mg/kg subcutaneously or placebo Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
ACE-031 (soluble ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein) Myostatin inhibitor ACE-031 treatment of ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial 2017 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ascending-dose trial with open-label extension in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy; ACE-031 given subcutaneously; terminated after the second dosing regimen Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
ACE-031 (soluble ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein) Regulation of muscle growth by multiple ligands signaling through activin type II receptors 2005 Soluble ActRIIB administration in wild-type and myostatin-null mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
ACE-031 (soluble ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein) Blockade of ActRIIB signaling triggers muscle fatigability and metabolic myopathy 2014 ActRIIB blockade in mice with functional and metabolic phenotyping of hypertrophied muscle Preclinical only PMID DOI
ACE-031 (soluble ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein) Treatment with soluble activin type IIB-receptor improves bone mass and strength in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy 2017 Soluble ActRIIB administration in the mdx mouse model with bone densitometry and mechanical testing Preclinical only PMID DOI
ACE-031 (soluble ActRIIB-IgG1 Fc fusion protein) Combined detection of inhibitors of the activin receptor signaling pathways (IASPs) by means of LC-HRMS/MS for human doping control 2025 Analytical method development and validation for doping-control detection of activin receptor pathway inhibitors Limited evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity 2002 Mechanistic cell-based work plus in vivo skin topography analysis in healthy women volunteers; 10% hexapeptide in an oil-in-water emulsion, 30 days Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 The anti-wrinkle efficacy of argireline, a synthetic hexapeptide, in Chinese subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study 2013 Randomised, placebo-controlled; n=60 Chinese subjects allocated 3:1 to peptide or placebo; twice-daily periorbital application for 4 weeks; subjective global assessment plus objective silicone-replica wrinkle analysis Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 In vitro skin penetration of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from a cosmetic formulation 2015 In vitro diffusion cells using excised human cadaver and hairless guinea pig skin; 10% Ac-EEMQRR-amide oil-in-water emulsion at 2 mg/cm2; 24-hour exposure; tape stripping and LC-MS/MS quantification Preclinical only PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 Topical delivery of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from different emulsions: influence of emulsion composition and internal structure 2015 Franz-type diffusion cell permeation experiments plus in vitro tape stripping on porcine ear skin, comparing oil-in-water, water-in-oil and multiple water-in-oil-in-water emulsions; LC-MS/MS quantification Preclinical only PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in Cosmeceuticals-A Review of Skin Permeability and Efficacy 2025 Narrative review of the structure, permeability and efficacy literature Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 The efficacy study of the combination of tripeptide-10-citrulline and acetyl hexapeptide-3. A prospective, randomized controlled study 2017 Prospective randomised controlled study, four arms of six volunteers (n=24), 60 days; skin microtopography (cR2, cR3) by visioscan and transepidermal water loss by tewameter Limited evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 Skin scars and wrinkles temporary camouflage in dermatology and oncoesthetics: focus on acetyl hexapeptide-8 2020 Described by its authors as a spontaneous, anecdotal, retrospective study of 26 patients using a 10% acetyl hexapeptide-8 gel-cream on surgical scars and skin lesions; no control group Limited evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 Double-blind, Randomized Trial on the Effectiveness of Acetylhexapeptide-3 Cream and Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 Cream for Crow's Feet 2023 Double-blind randomised trial, three arms of 7 subjects (n=21), 8 weeks, twice-daily periorbital application Limited evidence PMID
Acetyl octapeptide-3 A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity 2002 Mechanistic cell-based work plus in vivo skin topography in healthy women volunteers; 10% hexapeptide oil-in-water emulsion, 30 days Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl octapeptide-3 Efficacy of bioactive peptides loaded on hyaluronic acid microneedle patches: A monocentric clinical study 2020 Monocentric 12-week study, no placebo or comparator arm, of a multi-ingredient hyaluronic acid microneedle patch containing acetyl octapeptide-3 alongside arginine/lysine polypeptide, palmitoyl tripeptide-5, adenosine and seaweed extracts; instrumental skin measurements Limited evidence PMID DOI
Acetyl octapeptide-3 In vitro skin penetration of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from a cosmetic formulation 2015 In vitro diffusion cells, excised human cadaver and hairless guinea pig skin, 24-hour exposure to a 10% oil-in-water emulsion at 2 mg/cm2 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Acetyl octapeptide-3 Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in Cosmeceuticals-A Review of Skin Permeability and Efficacy 2025 Narrative review of permeability and efficacy data for the SNAP-25-mimetic cosmetic peptide class Mixed evidence PMID DOI
acetyl tetrapeptide-5 Protective and Anti-Aging Effects of 5 Cosmeceutical Peptide Mixtures on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Premature Senescence in Human Skin Fibroblasts 2021 In vitro, human skin fibroblasts; five peptides tested individually for optimal concentration, then six mixtures tested Preclinical only PMID DOI
acetyl tetrapeptide-5 Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine 2013 Comprehensive review PMID
acetyl tetrapeptide-5 Glycation, ageing and carnosine: are carnivorous diets beneficial? 2005 Review and hypothesis PMID
acetyl tetrapeptide-5 Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review 2005 Chemistry review PMID
Adipotide Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue 2004 Preclinical; phage display target identification and treatment of obese mouse models Preclinical only PMID DOI
Adipotide A peptidomimetic targeting white fat causes weight loss and improved insulin resistance in obese monkeys 2011 Preclinical; spontaneously obese rhesus monkeys, four weeks of treatment Preclinical only PMID DOI
Adipotide Comment on 'A peptidomimetic targeting white fat causes weight loss and improved insulin resistance in obese monkeys' 2012 Published methodological commentary, with author reply Preclinical only PMID DOI
Adipotide A First-in-Man, Phase I Evaluation of A Single Cycle of Prohibitin Targeting Peptide 1 in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Obesity 2011 Phase 1, single-cycle, first-in-human study, n=4, terminated Limited evidence Trial
Adipotide Depletion of white adipocyte progenitors induces beige adipocyte differentiation and suppresses obesity development 2015 Preclinical; mouse models of targeted adipose progenitor depletion Preclinical only PMID DOI
Adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: a novel hypotensive peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma 1993 Peptide isolation and structural characterisation using platelet cyclic AMP bioassay PMID
Adrenomedullin Safety and tolerability of non-neutralizing adrenomedullin antibody adrecizumab (HAM8101) in septic shock patients: the AdrenOSS-2 phase 2a biomarker-guided trial 2021 Phase 2a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled biomarker-guided trial, 301 patients with septic shock, randomisation 1:1:2 PMID DOI
Adrenomedullin Effects of enrichment strategies on outcome of adrecizumab treatment in septic shock: Post-hoc analyses of the phase II AdrenOSS-2 trial 2022 Post-hoc biomarker-guided subgroup analysis of a phase 2 trial PMID DOI
Afamelanotide Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria 2015 Two multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of 16 mg subcutaneous implants every 60 days; n=74 (EU, 270 days) and n=94 (US, 180 days) High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Afamelanotide Long-term observational study of afamelanotide in 115 patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria 2015 Multicentre longitudinal observational study at two porphyria centres (Rome and Zurich); 115 patients, 1,023 implants, up to 8 years Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Afamelanotide Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trial 2015 Randomised multicentre trial, n=55 (28 combination, 27 monotherapy), afamelanotide implant plus narrowband UVB versus narrowband UVB alone Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Afamelanotide Discovery and development of novel melanogenic drugs. Melanotan-I and -II 1998 Review of the preclinical design and development of the melanotan analogues Preclinical only PMID DOI
Alarelin Comparison of Alarelin and Triptorelin in the long-protocol ovulation induction in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer 2010 Comparative clinical study in 122 infertile patients undergoing IVF-ET: 78 received alarelin, 44 received triptorelin, long downregulation protocol PMID
Alarelin Pharmacogenomic analysis of alarelin acetate-induced hepatotoxicity: a case report and literature review 2025 Single clinical case report with RUCAM causality assessment, pharmacogenomic analysis and literature review PMID DOI
Alarelin Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple stage fragmentation for highly selective analysis and pharmacokinetics of alarelin in rat plasma 2019 Bioanalytical method development with a rat pharmacokinetic study after a 13.5 microgram/kg intramuscular dose Preclinical only PMID DOI
Alarelin Alarelin active immunization influences expression levels of GnRHR, FSHR and LHR proteins in the ovary and enhances follicular development in ewes 2013 Controlled active immunisation study in pre-pubertal ewes at varying doses and frequencies against a control group Preclinical only PMID DOI
Alarelin Induction of Spermiation in Sterlet Acipenser ruthenus by PLGA Microparticle Delivery with Sustained Alarelin Release 2021 Controlled experimental study in sterlet comparing carp pituitary extract with two doses of alarelin in PLGA sustained-release microparticles Preclinical only PMID DOI
Albiglutide Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial 2018 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcomes trial, 9,463 participants with established cardiovascular disease, median follow-up 1.6 years PMID DOI Trial
Albiglutide Once-weekly albiglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral drugs (HARMONY 7): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, non-inferiority phase 3 study 2014 32-week randomised, open-label, active-comparator non-inferiority phase 3 trial across 162 sites in eight countries, 841 adults (albiglutide 422, liraglutide 419) PMID DOI
Albiglutide HARMONY 3: 104-week randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of albiglutide compared with placebo, sitagliptin, and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes taking metformin 2014 104-week randomised, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase 3 trial, approximately 1,012 adults (albiglutide 302, glimepiride 307, sitagliptin 302, placebo 101) PMID DOI
Albiglutide HARMONY 4: randomised clinical trial comparing once-weekly albiglutide and insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin with or without sulfonylurea 2014 52-week randomised, open-label, multicentre, parallel-group non-inferiority trial across 222 centres in four countries, 779 adults randomised 2:1 (albiglutide 504, insulin glargine 241) PMID DOI
Albiglutide Efficacy and safety of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 2): 52 week primary endpoint results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise 2016 52-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled monotherapy trial, 309 adults (albiglutide 30 mg n=102, albiglutide 50 mg n=102, placebo n=105) PMID DOI
Anamorelin Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials 2016 Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials at 93 sites in 19 countries; 484 patients in ROMANA 1 (323 anamorelin, 161 placebo) and 495 in ROMANA 2 (330 anamorelin, 165 placebo), randomised 2:1 to anamorelin 100 mg orally once daily or placebo for 12 weeks, with co-primary endpoints of median change in lean body mass and in handgrip strength PMID DOI Trial
Anamorelin ROMANA 3: a phase 3 safety extension study of anamorelin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with cachexia 2017 Twelve-week double-blind safety extension for patients with preserved performance status completing ROMANA 1 or ROMANA 2, extending exposure from 12 to 24 weeks; of 703 patients completing the core trials, 513 entered (anamorelin 345, placebo 168) PMID DOI
Anamorelin The regulatory approval of anamorelin for treatment of cachexia in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer in Japan: facts and numbers 2021 Regulatory analysis of the Japanese approval decision and the supporting Japanese trial programme PMID DOI
Anamorelin Anamorelin in Japanese patients with cancer cachexia: an update 2023 Narrative review of post-approval Japanese clinical experience with anamorelin PMID DOI
Angiotensin II Angiotensin II for the treatment of vasodilatory shock 2017 Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; 321 patients with vasodilatory shock requiring high-dose vasopressors PMID DOI
Angiotensin II Intravenous angiotensin II for the treatment of high-output shock (ATHOS trial): a pilot study 2014 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot; 20 patients with high-output shock (10 angiotensin II, 10 placebo) PMID DOI
AOD-9604 Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone 1978 Preclinical; synthetic peptide fragments in animal models Preclinical only PMID DOI
AOD-9604 Effects of oral administration of a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone on lipid metabolism 2000 Preclinical; oral administration in rodent models Preclinical only PMID DOI
AOD-9604 The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice 2001 Preclinical; chronic dosing in obese mice and beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
AOD-9604 Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone 2000 Preclinical metabolic characterisation Preclinical only PMID DOI
AOD-9604 Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans 2013 Pooled review of six randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials Limited evidence DOI
AOD-9604 Phase 2b obesity trial of AOD9604 (unpublished; sponsor-reported) 2007 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled obesity trial using oral administration over 24 weeks in several hundred participants; sponsor disclosures indicate an enrolment in the region of 500, which this audit could not independently confirm Limited evidence none
AOD-9604 Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model 2015 Preclinical; rabbit osteoarthritis model Preclinical only PMID
Apelin-13 Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor 1998 Peptide isolation from bovine stomach extracts with receptor deorphanisation PMID
Apelin-13 Acute cardiovascular effects of apelin in humans: potential role in patients with chronic heart failure 2010 Randomised placebo-controlled systemic and intracoronary infusion studies in heart failure patients and healthy controls PMID
Apelin-13 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Small-Molecule APJ (Apelin Receptor) Agonist, BMS-986224, as a Potential Treatment for Heart Failure 2021 In vitro pharmacology and animal haemodynamic studies Preclinical only PMID
Apelin-13 A study of CLR325 in chronic stable heart failure patients 2016 Phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled study of a cyclic apelin-13 analogue; registration status listed as completed Trial
B7-33 A single-chain derivative of the relaxin hormone is a functionally selective agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP1 2016 Peptide design and synthesis, receptor binding and signalling assays, three preclinical rodent models of heart and lung disease Preclinical only PMID DOI
B7-33 B7-33 replicates the vasoprotective functions of human relaxin-2 (serelaxin) 2017 Rat tail-vein bolus with wire myography of mesenteric, small renal and abdominal aortic vessels; ex vivo mouse preeclampsia model Preclinical only PMID DOI
B7-33 The single-chain relaxin mimetic, B7-33, maintains the cardioprotective effects of relaxin and more rapidly reduces left ventricular fibrosis compared to perindopril in an experimental model of cardiomyopathy 2023 Isoprenaline-induced cardiomyopathy in adult male 129sv mice; subcutaneous relaxin, B7-33 or perindopril from days 7-14 post-injury Preclinical only PMID DOI
B7-33 A Lipidated Single-B-Chain Derivative of Relaxin Exhibits Improved In Vitro Serum Stability without Altering Activity 2023 Peptide chemistry and in vitro serum stability assays Preclinical only PMID DOI
B7-33 Effects of Serelaxin in Patients with Acute Heart Failure 2019 RELAX-AHF-2: large randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial of recombinant human relaxin-2 High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Bacitracin Infection and allergy incidence in ambulatory surgery patients using white petrolatum vs bacitracin ointment. A randomized controlled trial 1996 Randomised, double-blind controlled trial in ambulatory dermatological surgery patients; 922 patients with 1249 wounds (440 evaluable petrolatum, 444 evaluable bacitracin), JAMA 276(12):972-7 PMID
Bacitracin FDA Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee review of bacitracin for injection 2019 Regulatory advisory committee review of accumulated safety and efficacy data none
Bacitracin FDA request for voluntary withdrawal of all bacitracin for injection applications 2020 Regulatory action none
Bacitracin Determination that bacitracin for injection was withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness 2022 Formal regulatory determination none
Beta-endorphin Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands 1976 Peptide isolation and structural determination PMID
Beta-endorphin The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain 2008 PET ligand activation study in ten athletes, scanned at rest and after two hours of endurance running PMID
Beta-endorphin Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: expectation-activated opioid systems versus conditioning-activated specific subsystems 1999 Human experimental pain study with naloxone blockade PMID DOI
Bivalirudin Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes 2006 Prospective, open-label, randomised trial; 13,819 patients with moderate- to high-risk acute coronary syndromes randomised to heparin plus GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, bivalirudin plus GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, or bivalirudin alone PMID DOI Trial
Bivalirudin Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction 2008 Open-label randomised trial; 3,602 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention PMID DOI
Bivalirudin Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial 2014 Open-label, single-centre randomised controlled trial; 1,829 patients randomly allocated (1,812 analysed: 905 bivalirudin, 907 heparin) undergoing primary PCI PMID DOI
Bivalirudin Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes 2015 Multicentre randomised trial; 7,213 patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing PCI, with a second randomisation to post-PCI bivalirudin infusion or no infusion PMID DOI
Bivalirudin Bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in myocardial infarction 2017 Multicentre, registry-based, open-label randomised clinical trial; 6,006 patients (3,005 STEMI, 3,001 NSTEMI) undergoing PCI with predominantly radial access and no routine GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor PMID DOI
Bivalirudin Bivalirudin plus a high-dose infusion versus heparin monotherapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised trial 2022 Multicentre, open-label, randomised trial; 6,016 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI in China (3,009 bivalirudin plus post-PCI infusion, 3,007 heparin monotherapy) PMID DOI
bortezomib A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma 2003 Open-label single-arm phase 2 (SUMMIT), 202 patients with heavily pre-treated relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (193 evaluable) PMID
bortezomib Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma 2005 Randomised open-label phase 3 (APEX), 669 patients with one to three prior therapies PMID DOI
bortezomib Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma 2008 Randomised open-label phase 3 (VISTA), 682 previously untreated patients ineligible for transplantation PMID DOI
bortezomib Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study 2011 Randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial, 222 patients randomised 2:1 to subcutaneous or intravenous bortezomib PMID DOI
BPC-157 Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review 2025 Systematic review of literature to 3 June 2024; 544 articles identified, 36 included (35 preclinical, 1 clinical) Limited evidence PMID DOI
BPC-157 The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration 2011 In vitro rat Achilles tendon fibroblast culture plus in vivo rat tendon transection Preclinical only PMID DOI
BPC-157 Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts 2014 In vitro rat tendon fibroblast culture, dose- and time-response Preclinical only PMID DOI
BPC-157 Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing 2021 Narrative review from the originating research group Preclinical only PMID DOI
BPC-157 Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia). Full and distended stomach, and vascular response 2006 Review with rat gastric distension and vascular experiments Preclinical only PMID DOI
BPC-157 Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study 2025 Uncontrolled open-label pilot, n=2 healthy adults, 10 mg then 20 mg intravenous infusions Limited evidence PMID
Bradykinin Icatibant, a new bradykinin-receptor antagonist, in hereditary angioedema 2010 Two randomised double-blind controlled trials (FAST-1 and FAST-2) PMID
Bradykinin Oral Sebetralstat for On-Demand Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks 2024 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled three-way crossover phase 3 trial (KONFIDENT) PMID DOI Trial
Bradykinin Randomized Trial of Icatibant for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Upper Airway Angioedema 2017 Multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial at 31 centres in 4 countries, 121 patients (icatibant n=61, placebo n=60) PMID DOI
Bremelanotide Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials 2019 Two identical randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 24-week phase 3 trials (RECONNECT); 1,267 premenopausal women randomised, 1,202 in the modified intent-to-treat efficacy population High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Bremelanotide Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder 2019 52-week open-label extension of the RECONNECT phase 3 trials; 684 of 856 eligible women enrolled, 272 completed Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Bremelanotide Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide 2019 Post hoc responder analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b dose-ranging trial in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder and/or female sexual arousal disorder Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Bremelanotide Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study 2008 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intranasal bremelanotide in 342 men aged 28-59 with erectile dysfunction unresponsive to sildenafil (172 bremelanotide, 170 placebo) Limited evidence PMID DOI
Bronchogen Modulating Effect of Peptide Therapy on the Morphofunctional State of Bronchial Epithelium in Rats with Obstructive Lung Pathology 2015 Rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induced by 60 days of intermittent nitrogen dioxide exposure, followed by one month of Bronchogen Preclinical only PMID DOI
Bronchogen Effect of the peptide bronchogen (Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu) on DNA thermostability 2011 Biophysical, differential scanning calorimetry of DNA Preclinical only PMID DOI
Bronchogen Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA 2011 In vitro, fluorescence quenching against labelled deoxyribo-oligonucleotides and DNA Preclinical only PMID DOI
Bronchogen Short Exogenous Peptides Regulate Expression of CLE, KNOX1, and GRF Family Genes in Nicotiana tabacum 2017 Plant molecular biology, tobacco Preclinical only PMID DOI
Bronchogen Peptides tissue-specifically stimulate cell differentiation during their aging 2012 Organotypic and cell culture across several tissue types Preclinical only PMID DOI
Buserelin Treatment with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone is effective, safe and convenient: results of a controlled, randomized, multicentre trial 2000 Multicentre randomised controlled non-inferiority trial, 730 women randomised 2:1, ganirelix versus intranasal buserelin long protocol PMID
Buserelin Ovarian stimulation with HMG: results of a prospective randomized phase III European study comparing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-antagonist cetrorelix and the LHRH-agonist buserelin 2000 Prospective randomised phase 3 European trial, cetrorelix versus buserelin long protocol with human menopausal gonadotrophin PMID
Buserelin Maximum androgen blockade using LHRH agonist buserelin in combination with short-term (two weeks) or long-term (continuous) cyproterone acetate is not superior to standard androgen deprivation in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer 1998 Randomised controlled trial of buserelin with short-term versus continuous cyproterone acetate in advanced prostate cancer PMID
Buserelin Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methods of androgen suppression in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer 1999 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised androgen suppression trials PMID
Cagrilintide Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial 2021 Randomised, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial, n=706, 26 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Cagrilintide Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial 2021 Randomised, placebo-controlled phase 1b trial, n=95, 20 weeks Limited evidence PMID DOI
Cagrilintide Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity 2025 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=3,417, 68 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Cagrilintide Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes 2025 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=1,206, randomised 3:1 to combination or placebo, 68 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Cagrilintide Cagrilintide lowers bodyweight through brain amylin receptors 1 and 3 2025 Preclinical receptor pharmacology and rodent knockout studies Preclinical only PMID DOI
Calcitonin gene-related peptide Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products 1982 Molecular biology, tissue-specific RNA processing analysis PMID
Calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP may play a causative role in migraine 2002 Human provocation study with intravenous CGRP infusion PMID
Calcitonin gene-related peptide A Controlled Trial of Erenumab for Episodic Migraine 2017 Phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial over six months (STRIVE) PMID
Calcitonin gene-related peptide Ubrogepant for the Treatment of Migraine 2019 Phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled acute treatment trial PMID
Calcitonin gene-related peptide Rimegepant, an Oral Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonist, for Migraine 2019 Phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial PMID
Calcitonin gene-related peptide Atogepant for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine 2021 Phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled 12-week prevention trial (ADVANCE) PMID
Cardiogen Interaction of short peptides with FITC-labeled wheat histones and their complexes with deoxyribooligonucleotides 2013 In vitro fluorescence quenching, six short peptides against wheat histones H1, H2B, H3 and H4 and histone-oligonucleotide complexes Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cardiogen Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters 2023 In silico molecular modelling and docking against LAT1, LAT2 and PEPT1 transporters Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cardiogen Peptides tissue-specifically stimulate cell differentiation during their aging 2012 Organotypic and cell culture of several tissues with short peptides Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cardiogen The tissue-specific effect of synthetic peptides-biologic regulators in organotypic tissues culture in young and old rats 2006 Organotypic tissue culture, young and old rats, Russian language Preclinical only PMID
carfilzomib A phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib (PX-171-003-A1) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma 2012 Open-label single-arm phase 2, 266 patients with relapsed and refractory myeloma, median five prior lines PMID DOI
carfilzomib Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma 2015 Randomised open-label phase 3 (ASPIRE), 792 patients with one to three prior therapies PMID DOI
carfilzomib Carfilzomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, multicentre study 2016 Randomised open-label phase 3 head-to-head comparison of two proteasome inhibitors, 929 patients PMID DOI
carfilzomib Carfilzomib or bortezomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): an interim overall survival analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial 2017 Pre-specified interim overall survival analysis of the ENDEAVOR phase 3 trial PMID DOI
carfilzomib Improvement in overall survival with carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma 2018 Final overall survival analysis of the ASPIRE phase 3 trial PMID DOI
carfilzomib Carfilzomib or bortezomib with melphalan-prednisone for transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma 2019 Randomised open-label phase 3 (CLARION), 955 newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible patients randomised 1:1 to carfilzomib or bortezomib with melphalan and prednisone PMID DOI
Carperitide Effects of carperitide on the long-term prognosis of patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure: the PROTECT multicenter randomized controlled study 2008 Multicentre randomised controlled study; 49 patients with acute decompensated heart failure, low-dose carperitide infusion (n=26) versus standard treatment (n=23), 18-month follow-up PMID DOI
Carperitide Carperitide is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in acute heart failure: a propensity score-matched analysis 2015 Multicentre Japanese observational cohort; 1,037 patients with acute heart failure, 402 (38.7%) treated with carperitide, 367 propensity-matched pairs PMID DOI
Carperitide Effect of carperitide on clinical outcomes among patients with acute heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized and propensity-matched studies 2025 Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 studies (4 randomised controlled trials, 5 propensity score-matched cohorts) in acute heart failure PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial (CASTA) 2012 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial, n=1,070 (529 Cerebrolysin, 541 placebo); 30 mL daily intravenous infusion for 10 days added to aspirin, randomised within 12 hours of onset, 90-day follow-up; primary endpoint a combined global directional test of mRS, Barthel Index and NIHSS Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Cerebrolysin Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial 2016 Prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre parallel-group trial in early rehabilitation; 30 mL daily for 21 days starting 24-72 hours after stroke onset alongside a standardised rehabilitation programme; primary endpoint Action Research Arm Test at day 90. Sample size not stated in the indexed abstract. Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Cerebrolysin Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke 2023 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis (CD007026.pub7); 7 RCTs, 1,773 participants; 6 trials and 1,689 participants for all-cause mortality High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia 2019 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis (CD008900.pub3); 6 RCTs, 597 participants; follow-up 15 days to 3 years Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of three dosages of Cerebrolysin in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease 2006 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study, n=279 (69 at 10 mL, 70 at 30 mL, 71 at 60 mL, 69 placebo); intravenous infusions 5 days weekly for 4 weeks then twice weekly for 8 weeks; ADAS-cog and CIBIC+ endpoints Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin A 28-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with Cerebrolysin in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease 2001 28-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre parallel-group trial, n=149 (76 Cerebrolysin, 73 placebo); two 4-week courses of 30 mL intravenously 5 days weekly separated by a 2-month therapy-free interval Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin Cerebrolysin in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a neurotrophic agent 2002 Multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial, n=192 (97 Cerebrolysin, 95 placebo); 30 mL intravenously 5 days weekly for 4 weeks; ADAS-Cog and CIBIC+ at 4, 12 and 24 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin Safety profile of Cerebrolysin: clinical experience from dementia and stroke trials 2012 Review of pooled safety data from dementia and stroke trials Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cerebrolysin Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot trial to investigate safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage 2020 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-centre parallel-group pilot trial, n=50 (25 per arm); 30 mL daily for 14 days; primary endpoint favourable Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (5-8) at six months Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Cetrorelix Ovarian stimulation with HMG: results of a prospective randomized phase III European study comparing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-antagonist cetrorelix and the LHRH-agonist buserelin 2000 Prospective randomised phase 3 multicentre European trial, cetrorelix versus buserelin long protocol with human menopausal gonadotrophin PMID
Cetrorelix Significant reduction of the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) by using the LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix (Cetrotide) in controlled ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction 2000 Comparative analysis of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome incidence across cetrorelix and agonist protocol cohorts PMID
Cetrorelix Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists for assisted reproductive technology 2016 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing GnRH antagonist with agonist long protocols PMID DOI
Cholecystokinin C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man 1981 Controlled human infusion study, 12 lean men PMID
Cholecystokinin C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in obese men 1982 Controlled human infusion study, 8 obese men PMID
Cholecystokinin Satiety effects of a physiological dose of cholecystokinin in humans 1995 Crossover infusion study in obese and lean women PMID DOI
Cholecystokinin Stimulation of cholecystokinin-A receptors with GI181771X does not cause weight loss in overweight or obese patients 2008 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a selective CCK1 agonist with hypocaloric diet, with prospective gallbladder and pancreatic imaging PMID
Cholecystokinin Role of cholecystokinin in satiation: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2023 PRISMA-2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies of exogenous CCK or analogues on satiation and body weight, across five databases PMID DOI
Cibinetide (ARA-290) ARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber density 2013 Blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial; 28 days daily subcutaneous administration Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cibinetide (ARA-290) Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic Pain 2017 Phase 2b randomised placebo-controlled, 28 days, 64 subjects, doses of 1, 4 and 8 mg/day Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Cibinetide (ARA-290) ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes 2015 Phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled; 4 mg daily self-administered subcutaneously for 28 days with 28 days follow-up Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cibinetide (ARA-290) A Phase 2 Clinical Trial on the Use of Cibinetide for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema 2020 Phase 2 clinical trial in diabetic macular oedema Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Cibinetide (ARA-290) ARA 290, a peptide derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin, produces long-term relief of neuropathic pain coupled with suppression of the spinal microglia response 2014 Rodent neuropathic pain model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cibinetide (ARA-290) ARA 290 relieves pathophysiological pain by targeting TRPV1 channel: Integration between immune system and nociception 2016 In vitro and rodent nociception studies Preclinical only PMID DOI
ciclosporin A randomized clinical trial of cyclosporine in cadaveric renal transplantation 1983 Multicentre randomised controlled trial, 209 recipients of cadaveric renal transplants, ciclosporin plus prednisone versus azathioprine plus prednisone PMID
ciclosporin Cyclosporin in cadaveric renal transplantation: one-year follow-up of a multicentre trial 1983 Multicentre randomised controlled trial across eight European centres, 232 recipients of cadaveric renal allografts PMID
ciclosporin A randomized clinical trial of cyclosporine in cadaveric renal transplantation. Analysis at three years 1986 Three-year analysis of the Canadian randomised trial, 291 recipients (142 ciclosporin plus prednisone, 149 control immunosuppression) PMID DOI
ciclosporin Cyclosporine for plaque-type psoriasis. Results of a multidose, double-blind trial 1991 Randomised double-blind vehicle-controlled dose-ranging trial, 85 patients with severe plaque psoriasis, 16 weeks PMID DOI
ciclosporin Preliminary report: cyclosporin in treatment of severe active ulcerative colitis 1990 Uncontrolled prospective study, 32 patients with active ulcerative colitis refractory to corticosteroid therapy PMID
ciclosporin Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy 1994 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 20 patients (11 ciclosporin, 9 placebo) with severe ulcerative colitis unimproved after at least seven days of intravenous corticosteroids PMID DOI
ciclosporin Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease 2000 Two identical randomised vehicle-controlled multicentre trials, 877 patients, six months PMID
CJC-1293 Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS 2016 Analytical method development and validation in human plasma, with supporting animal administration samples PMID DOI
CJC-1293 Online large volume sample stacking preconcentration and separation of enantiomeric GHRH analogs by capillary electrophoresis 2023 Analytical separation method development using dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, applied to urine PMID DOI
CJC-1293 Expanded test method for peptides >2 kDa employing immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS 2015 Analytical method expansion for doping control of peptides between 2 and 12 kilodaltons in blood and urine PMID DOI
CJC-1293 In-house standards derived from doping peptides: Enzymatic and serum stability and degradation profile of GHRP and GHRH-related peptides 2023 In vitro enzymatic and human serum stability and degradation profiling of six synthesised GHRP and GHRH-related peptides PMID DOI
CJC-1295 (with DAC) Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults 2006 Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ascending-dose trials in healthy adults, 28 and 49 days; biomarker endpoints only Limited evidence PMID DOI
CJC-1295 (with DAC) Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog 2006 Frequent-sampling pharmacodynamic study in healthy adults after a single injection Limited evidence PMID DOI
CJC-1295 (with DAC) Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse 2006 Controlled animal study in GHRH-knockout mice, dosing intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours Preclinical only PMID DOI
CJC-1295 without DAC (modified GRF 1-29) Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults 2006 Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ascending-dose trials in healthy adults; studied the albumin-conjugated (DAC) molecule only Limited evidence PMID DOI
CJC-1295 without DAC (modified GRF 1-29) Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency 1999 Narrative review of clinical data on unmodified GRF(1-29) Limited evidence PMID DOI
Colistin (colistimethate sodium) Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: an open-label, randomised controlled trial 2018 Multicentre open-label randomised controlled trial; 406 patients with severe carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infection PMID DOI
Colistin (colistimethate sodium) Multicentre open-label randomised controlled trial to compare colistin alone with colistin plus meropenem for the treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections (AIDA): a study protocol 2016 Published trial protocol PMID DOI
Colistin (colistimethate sodium) Colistin Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy for Carbapenem-Resistant Organisms 2023 Multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial (OVERCOME); 423 randomised patients with pneumonia or bloodstream infection caused by extensively drug-resistant organisms, predominantly Acinetobacter baumannii PMID DOI
Colistin (colistimethate sodium) Polymyxin-containing medicines: Article 31 referral, European Medicines Agency review of colistin and colistimethate sodium 2014 Regulatory safety and efficacy review by the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use none
Colistin (colistimethate sodium) Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) acquisition and molecular characterization following colistin monotherapy and colistin-meropenem combination therapy: findings from the AIDA randomized trial 2025 Secondary microbiological analysis of the AIDA randomised trial cohort (volume 14, article 133) PMID DOI
Colivelin Development of a femtomolar-acting humanin derivative named colivelin by attaching activity-dependent neurotrophic factor to its N terminus: characterization of colivelin-mediated neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults in vitro and in vivo 2005 In vitro neuroprotection assays plus in vivo mouse memory impairment model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Colivelin prolongs survival of an ALS model mouse 2006 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mouse survival study Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Nasal Colivelin treatment ameliorates memory impairment related to Alzheimer's disease 2008 Intranasal administration in a rodent Alzheimer-related memory impairment model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Colivelin ameliorates amyloid beta peptide-induced impairments in spatial memory, synaptic plasticity, and calcium homeostasis in rats 2015 Amyloid-beta-treated rats with behavioural, electrophysiological and calcium imaging endpoints Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Colivelin Ameliorates Impairments in Cognitive Behaviors and Synaptic Plasticity in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice 2017 APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Colivelin Rescues Ischemic Neuron and Axons Involving JAK/STAT3 Signaling Pathway 2019 Cerebral ischaemia model with neuronal and axonal endpoints Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Colivelin, a synthetic derivative of humanin, ameliorates endothelial injury and glycocalyx shedding after sepsis in mice 2022 Murine sepsis model with endothelial and glycocalyx endpoints Preclinical only PMID DOI
Colivelin Humanin and colivelin: neuronal-death-suppressing peptides for Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2006 Review of humanin and colivelin biology and receptor pharmacology Preclinical only PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin 2006 Randomised controlled trial after circumoral CO2 laser resurfacing, with blinded evaluators and computerised erythema analysis; 13 patients completed Limited evidence PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ 1992 In vitro and in vivo rodent connective tissue Preclinical only PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Effect of tripeptide-copper complexes on the process of skin wound healing and on cultured fibroblasts 1995 Rodent skin wound model plus cultured fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Human skin retention and penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as function of skin layer towards anti-inflammatory therapy 2010 In vitro human skin penetration study by skin layer Preclinical only PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling 2008 Narrative review Preclinical only PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health 2012 Narrative review and hypothesis paper Preclinical only PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copper 1994 Multicentre, randomised, evaluator-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in diabetic neuropathic ulcers, with sharp debridement at entry, daily metered dosing, standardised pressure-relieving footwear and patient education Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Skin care benefits of copper peptide containing facial cream (and companion eye cream study) 2002 Reported as a 12-week study of a GHK-Cu facial cream in 71 women with photoaged skin, with a companion eye cream study in 41 women Limited evidence none
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration 2015 Narrative review of GHK and GHK-Cu cellular and molecular actions Preclinical only PMID DOI
Copper(II) glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK-Cu) Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data 2018 Review of gene-expression and transcriptomic data relating to GHK and GHK-Cu Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cortagen Effect of tetrapeptide cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve 2000 Rat sciatic nerve crush injury model Preclinical only PMID
Cortagen The delayed effect of cortagen on the restoration of injured nerve function 2002 Rat peripheral nerve injury model, delayed assessment Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cortagen Elucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarray 2004 Microarray transcriptomic profiling, mouse heart Preclinical only PMID
Cortagen Effects of bioactive tetrapeptides on free-radical processes 2007 Rat, injections of Cortagen and Epitalon, serum and cerebral cortex measurements Preclinical only PMID DOI
Cortagen Cortexin and cortagen as correcting agents in functional and metabolic disorders in the brain in chronic ischemia 2011 Animal model of chronic cerebral ischaemia, Russian language Preclinical only PMID
Cortagen Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects 2004 Ex vivo lymphocyte chromatin analysis from elderly donors Preclinical only PMID DOI
Corticorelin Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome 1991 Prospective study in 281 patients with Cushing's syndrome; bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling was successful in 278, of whom 262 underwent sampling before and after ovine CRH. Diagnosis was surgically confirmed in 246 (215 Cushing's disease, 20 ectopic ACTH, 11 primary adrenal disease) PMID DOI
Corticorelin The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome 1986 Prospective comparison of the ovine CRH stimulation test with the standard dexamethasone suppression test in 41 patients with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism (33 Cushing's disease, 8 ectopic ACTH) PMID DOI
Corticorelin A simplified morning ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome 1993 Prospective evaluation of a simplified morning protocol for the ovine CRH stimulation test in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome PMID DOI
Corticorelin Ovine CRH Stimulation and 8 mg Dexamethasone Suppression Tests in 323 Patients With ACTH-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome 2023 Retrospective review at a tertiary referral centre of 323 patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome (including 78 with ectopic ACTH) who underwent both the ovine CRH stimulation test and the 8 mg high-dose dexamethasone suppression test between 1986 and 2019 PMID DOI
Corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) High-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded study 1996 Prospective, randomised, single-blind trial, n=29 infants (15 corticotropin, 14 prednisone), median age 6 months; 2-week course of repository corticotropin 150 U/m2/day versus prednisone 2 mg/kg/day Mixed evidence PMID
Corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial 2004 Multicentre randomised controlled trial, n=107 infants (vigabatrin n=52; hormonal treatment n=55, comprising prednisolone n=30 and tetracosactide n=25) High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) Repository Corticotropin Injection for Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Aggressive Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Withdrawal Trial 2020 12-week open-label lead-in followed by a 12-week double-blind randomised withdrawal period; 259 enrolled, 154 responders randomised (77 per arm), 127 completed Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) Repository Corticotropin Injection for Persistently Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results from a Phase 4, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial 2020 Phase 4 multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 169 patients in the modified intent-to-treat population (84 active, 85 placebo) Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) A Randomized Prospective Trial Comparing Repository Corticotropin Injection and Intravenous Methylprednisolone for Neuroprotection in Acute Optic Neuritis 2023 Randomised prospective comparative trial, n=37 (19 repository corticotropin, 18 intravenous methylprednisolone), 6-month follow-up Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Crystagen (Glu-Asp-Pro) [Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process] 2014 Russian-language laboratory study of peptide effects on spleen tissue during ageing, examining vilon, thymogen, crystagen and R-1; volume 27(1):224-228 Preclinical only PMID
Crystagen (Glu-Asp-Pro) The Use of Thymalin for Immunocorrection and Molecular Aspects of Biological Activity 2021 Narrative review by the developing group; identifies crystagen as EDP (Glu-Asp-Pro), one of the active short peptides within thymalin; volume 11(4):377-382 Limited evidence DOI
Crystagen (Glu-Asp-Pro) Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers 2022 Review and modelling of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter and large neutral amino acid transporter mediated uptake of ultrashort peptides (2-7 residues); volume 23(14):7733 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Daptomycin The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections 2004 Pooled analysis of two randomised, investigator-blinded, multicentre non-inferiority trials; 1092 patients enrolled, 902 clinically evaluable PMID
Daptomycin Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus 2006 Open-label randomised controlled non-inferiority trial; 246 patients (124 daptomycin, 122 standard therapy) PMID DOI
Daptomycin Effects of prior effective therapy on the efficacy of daptomycin and ceftriaxone for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia 2008 Combined analysis of two phase 3 randomised, double-blind trials in hospitalised adults with community-acquired pneumonia; 834 patients in the intention-to-treat population (413 daptomycin, 421 ceftriaxone), 740 clinically evaluable PMID DOI
Daptomycin An open-label, pragmatic, randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of daptomycin versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infection 2015 Pragmatic open-label randomised controlled trial PMID DOI
Daptomycin Safety and efficacy of daptomycin as first-line treatment for complicated skin and soft tissue infections in elderly patients: an open-label, multicentre, randomized phase IIIb trial 2013 Open-label multicentre randomised phase 3b trial in elderly patients PMID DOI
Degarelix The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer 2008 Randomised open-label parallel-group phase 3 trial (CS21), 610 men, degarelix versus leuprorelin 7.5 mg monthly over 12 months PMID
Degarelix Additional analysis of the secondary end point of biochemical recurrence rate in a phase 3 trial (CS21) comparing degarelix 80 mg versus leuprolide in prostate cancer patients segmented by baseline characteristics 2010 Prespecified and exploratory subgroup analysis of the CS21 randomised trial PMID
Degarelix Cardiovascular Safety of Degarelix Versus Leuprolide in Patients With Prostate Cancer: The Primary Results of the PRONOUNCE Randomized Trial 2021 Randomised open-label cardiovascular outcomes trial, 545 men with prostate cancer and established cardiovascular disease PMID Trial
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Synthetic delta-sleep-inducing peptide improves sleep in insomniacs 1981 Short clinical report published as a Lancet letter; PubMed indexes it with the Clinical Trial and Randomized Controlled Trial publication types, but no methods detail is available in the indexed record Limited evidence PMID DOI
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Efficacy of DSIP to normalize sleep in middle-aged and elderly chronic insomniacs 1986 Sleep-laboratory study in 18 chronic psychophysiological insomniacs stratified by age (middle-aged 29-59, elderly 60-83); six doses of 30 nmol/kg intravenously over one week with a one-week follow-up. No placebo or control condition is described in the abstract. Limited evidence PMID DOI
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Study of delta sleep-inducing peptide efficacy in improving sleep on short-term administration to chronic insomniacs 1987 Double-blind crossover polysomnographic study, 25 nmol/kg intravenously or placebo over four nights in chronic insomniacs; sample size not stated in the indexed abstract Limited evidence PMID
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleep 1981 Human sleep study in disturbed sleep; indexed as a clinical trial Limited evidence PMID DOI
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a review 1984 Comprehensive review of DSIP biology, distribution and pharmacokinetics Preclinical only PMID DOI
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Delta-sleep-inducing peptide reduces CRF-induced corticosterone release 1985 Animal neuroendocrine study Preclinical only PMID DOI
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): an update 1986 Review updating the DSIP literature Preclinical only PMID DOI
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) Delta sleep-inducing peptide in opioid detoxification 1997 Case report published as a letter to the editor; two pages, no controlled comparison Limited evidence PMID DOI
Dermorphin Amino acid composition and sequence of dermorphin, a novel opiate-like peptide from the skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei 1981 Isolation and structural characterisation from methanol extracts of frog skin Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dermorphin Pharmacological data on dermorphins, a new class of potent opioid peptides from amphibian skin 1981 In vitro isolated tissue pharmacology (guinea-pig ileum, mouse vas deferens) plus in vivo antinociception and tolerance/dependence studies in mice and rats Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dermorphin Intrathecal dermorphine in postoperative analgesia 1985 Prospective randomised double-blind study, n=150 consecutive patients after elective surgery; three arms: intrathecal dermorphin 20 micrograms, intrathecal morphine 500 micrograms, or routine intramuscular pentazocine 30 mg Limited evidence PMID DOI
Dermorphin Rediscovery of old drugs: the forgotten case of dermorphin for postoperative pain and palliation 2018 Historical analysis and drug-repurposing argument reviewing the dermorphin literature Limited evidence PMID DOI
Dermorphin Dermorphin: A Missed Palliative Care Opportunity for Intrathecal Therapy in Oncological Patients? 2019 Short commentary (three pages) on the human intrathecal dermorphin literature Limited evidence PMID DOI
Dermorphin Detection, quantification, and identification of dermorphin in equine plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS for doping control 2013 Analytical method development and validation using research horse samples and official post-race specimens Preclinical only PMID DOI
des(1-3)IGF-1 Des(1-3)IGF-I: a truncated form of insulin-like growth factor-I 1996 Narrative review of the biochemistry, occurrence and biological activity of des(1-3)IGF-1 Preclinical only PMID DOI
des(1-3)IGF-1 Plasma clearance and tissue distribution of labelled insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II and des(1-3)IGF-I in rats 1991 Radiolabelled tracer pharmacokinetic and tissue-distribution study in rats Preclinical only PMID DOI
des(1-3)IGF-1 Increased weight gain, nitrogen retention and muscle protein synthesis following treatment of diabetic rats with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and des(1-3)IGF-I 1991 Seven-day continuous infusion study in streptozotocin-diabetic rats comparing hGH, IGF-1, des(1-3)IGF-1 and insulin Preclinical only PMID DOI
des(1-3)IGF-1 IGF-I and the truncated analogue des-(1-3)IGF-I enhance growth in rats after gut resection 1991 Controlled infusion study in rats following gut resection Preclinical only PMID DOI
des(1-3)IGF-1 Enhanced potency of truncated insulin-like growth factor-I (des(1-3)IGF-I) relative to IGF-I in lit/lit mice 1990 Comparative growth study in growth-hormone-deficient lit/lit mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
des(1-3)IGF-1 Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency 1992 Comparative in vitro potency and binding study across N-terminally modified IGF-1 analogues and des(1-3)IGF-I Preclinical only PMID DOI
Desirudin Prevention of thromboembolism with use of recombinant hirudin. Results of a double-blind, multicenter trial comparing the efficacy of desirudin with that of unfractionated heparin in patients having a total hip replacement 1997 Double-blind, multicentre randomised trial; 445 patients undergoing total hip replacement randomised (225 desirudin, 220 unfractionated heparin), 351 evaluable, with bilateral venography as the endpoint PMID DOI
Desirudin A comparison of recombinant hirudin with a low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement 1997 Double-blind, multicentre randomised trial; 2,079 patients randomised undergoing total hip replacement (1,587 in the primary efficacy analysis), desirudin versus enoxaparin, venographic endpoint PMID DOI
Desirudin Antihirudin antibodies following low-dose subcutaneous treatment with desirudin for thrombosis prophylaxis after hip-replacement surgery: incidence and clinical relevance 2003 Prospective immunogenicity analysis in 112 orthopaedic patients receiving subcutaneous desirudin across three dose groups (17 at 10 mg twice daily, 75 at 15 mg twice daily, 20 at 20 mg twice daily) PMID DOI
Deslorelin Effect of deslorelin dose in the treatment of central precocious puberty 1991 Prospective dose-ranging study in children with central precocious puberty; single-centre, no control group PMID
Deslorelin Adult height in precocious puberty after long-term treatment with deslorelin 1991 Single-arm longitudinal follow-up of children treated long-term for central precocious puberty PMID
Deslorelin Six-year results of spironolactone and testolactone treatment of familial male-limited precocious puberty with addition of deslorelin after central puberty onset 1999 Small long-term open-label study in familial male-limited precocious puberty PMID
Difelikefalin A phase 3 trial of difelikefalin in hemodialysis patients with pruritus 2020 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; 378 haemodialysis patients with moderate-to-severe pruritus at 56 US sites (158 difelikefalin, 165 placebo in the analysis), intravenous difelikefalin 0.5 µg/kg or placebo three times weekly for 12 weeks PMID DOI Trial
Difelikefalin Efficacy of difelikefalin for the treatment of moderate to severe pruritus in hemodialysis patients: pooled analysis of KALM-1 and KALM-2 phase 3 studies 2022 Pooled analysis of two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials; 851 patients randomised (426 difelikefalin, 425 placebo) PMID DOI
Difelikefalin Difelikefalin for hemodialysis patients with pruritus in Japan 2023 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 178 Japanese haemodialysis patients (89 difelikefalin, 89 placebo), intravenous difelikefalin 0.5 µg/kg or placebo three times weekly PMID DOI
Dihexa Retraction notice to 'The Procognitive and Synaptogenic Effects of Angiotensin IV-Derived Peptides Are Dependent on Activation of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met System' 2025 Editorial retraction notice withdrawing the 2014 paper (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014 Nov;351(2):390-402, doi 10.1124/jpet.114.218735, PMID 25187433) Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa Retraction notice to 'Development of Angiotensin IV Analogs as Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Met Modifiers' 2025 Editorial retraction notice withdrawing the 2012 paper (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012 Mar;340(3):539-48, doi 10.1124/jpet.111.188136, PMID 22129598) Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa Retraction notice to 'Mimics of the Dimerization Domain of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Exhibit Anti-Met and Anticancer Activity' 2025 Editorial retraction notice withdrawing the 2011 paper (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011 Nov;339(2):509-18, doi 10.1124/jpet.111.185694, PMID 21859930) Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as procognitive/antidementia agents 2013 Rodent cognition studies (scopolamine-induced deficit and aged-rat models) with synaptogenesis assessment Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases 2015 Review of the angiotensin IV analogue programme Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa AngIV-Analog Dihexa Rescues Cognitive Impairment and Recovers Memory in the APP/PS1 Mouse via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway 2021 APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's pathology Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa Hepatocyte growth factor mimetic protects lateral line hair cells from aminoglycoside exposure 2015 Zebrafish lateral line hair cell protection model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa Effects of an Angiotensin IV Analog on 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington's Disease-Like Symptoms in Rats 2024 Rat 3-nitropropionic acid model of Huntington's-like pathology Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dihexa Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7): A systematic review of experimental studies 2018 Systematic review of experimental (animal) studies Preclinical only PMID DOI
dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate The effect of a serum containing acetyl hexapeptide-8, dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate and gluconolactone on skin biomarkers, wrinkles and skin texture: Ex vivo and clinical studies 2026 Ex vivo human skin biomarker study plus two clinical studies (n=50 static wrinkles; n=42 dynamic wrinkles) of a five-active serum PMID DOI
dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate Molecular properties and structure-function relationships of lethal peptides from venom of Wagler's pit viper, Trimeresurus wagleri 1992 Peptide isolation, sequencing and structure-activity analysis PMID
dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate Waglerin-1 selectively blocks the epsilon form of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 1999 Electrophysiology and binding studies in receptor-expressing systems PMID
dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate Identification of residues at the alpha and epsilon subunit interfaces mediating species selectivity of Waglerin-1 for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 2002 Mutagenesis and binding analysis PMID
dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate Residues in the epsilon subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interact to confer selectivity of waglerin-1 for the alpha-epsilon subunit interface site 2002 Structural modelling and mutagenesis PMID
dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate Effects of waglerin-I on neuromuscular transmission of mouse nerve-muscle preparations 1995 Ex vivo nerve-muscle preparation Preclinical only PMID
DNSP-11 Dopamine neuron stimulating actions of a GDNF propeptide 2010 Rat fetal mesencephalic neuron and MN9D cell culture, plus single intranigral injection in normal adult rats and in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease Preclinical only PMID DOI
DNSP-11 Methodology and effects of repeated intranasal delivery of DNSP-11 in a rat model of Parkinson's disease 2015 Repeated intranasal administration in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dulaglutide Once-weekly dulaglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-6): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial 2014 26-week randomised, open-label, active-comparator non-inferiority trial, 599 adults (299 dulaglutide, 300 liraglutide) PMID DOI
Dulaglutide Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-1) 2014 52-week randomised multicentre trial with a 26-week primary endpoint, allocation 2:2:2:1 to dulaglutide 1.5 mg, dulaglutide 0.75 mg, exenatide 10 micrograms or placebo on background metformin and pioglitazone; approximately 976 adults PMID DOI
Dulaglutide Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial 2019 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcomes trial, 9,901 participants, median follow-up 5.4 years PMID DOI Trial
Dulaglutide Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg Versus Dulaglutide 1.5 mg in Metformin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-11) 2021 Randomised, double-blind, parallel-group dose-comparison trial, 1,842 adults, 52 weeks total with the primary efficacy endpoint at 36 weeks PMID DOI
Dynorphin A Dynorphin-(1-13), an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide 1979 Peptide isolation from porcine pituitary with bioassay PMID
Dynorphin A Dynorphin is a specific endogenous ligand of the kappa opioid receptor 1982 Receptor binding and functional selectivity studies PMID DOI
Dynorphin A The dysphoric component of stress is encoded by activation of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system 2008 Rodent behavioural pharmacology with genetic and pharmacological kappa manipulation Preclinical only PMID DOI
Dynorphin A A randomized proof-of-mechanism trial applying the 'fast-fail' approach to evaluating kappa-opioid antagonism as a treatment for anhedonia 2020 Multicentre 8-week double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial in patients with anhedonia and a mood or anxiety disorder; selective kappa antagonist JNJ-67953964 10 mg (n=45) versus placebo (n=44) PMID DOI
Dynorphin A Navacaprant in major depressive disorder (KOASTAL programme) 2025 Phase 3 randomised placebo-controlled trials none
Efinopegdutide A phase IIa active-comparator-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of efinopegdutide in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 2023 24-week randomised, active-comparator phase 2a trial, 145 adults with at least 10% liver fat (efinopegdutide 10 mg weekly n=72 versus semaglutide 1 mg weekly n=73), MRI-PDFF endpoint PMID DOI Trial
Efinopegdutide A Clinical Study of Efinopegdutide in Participants With Precirrhotic Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) (MK-6024-013) 2023 Randomised phase 2b trial in 381 adults with biopsy-confirmed precirrhotic steatohepatitis, with efinopegdutide, semaglutide and placebo arms and a paired-biopsy histological endpoint Trial
Efinopegdutide A Clinical Study of Efinopegdutide in People With Compensated Cirrhosis Due to Steatohepatitis (MK-6024-017) 2024 Phase 2a trial in 80 adults with compensated cirrhosis (F4 fibrosis) due to steatohepatitis, efinopegdutide versus placebo Trial
Efinopegdutide Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist JNJ-64565111 in individuals with obesity without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized dose-ranging study 2021 26-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and open-label liraglutide-controlled parallel-group multicentre phase 2 dose-ranging trial, 474 randomised, 343 (72.4%) completed PMID
Elabela Elabela/Toddler Is an Endogenous Agonist of the Apelin APJ Receptor in the Adult Cardiovascular System, and Exogenous Administration of the Peptide Compensates for the Downregulation of Its Expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 2017 Human tissue expression, receptor pharmacology and in vivo animal administration Preclinical only PMID
Elabela In vitro metabolism of synthetic Elabela/Toddler (ELA-32) peptide in human plasma and kidney homogenates analyzed with mass spectrometry and validation of endogenous peptide quantification in tissues by ELISA 2021 Mass spectrometry degradation study with ELISA validation Preclinical only PMID DOI
Elabela International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand of the Apelin Receptor 2019 IUPHAR expert receptor nomenclature and pharmacology review PMID DOI
Elamipretide Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial 2023 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3, n=218 (109 elamipretide, 109 placebo), 24 weeks, 40 mg/day subcutaneous High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Elamipretide A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism 2021 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover, n=12, 40 mg/day for 12 weeks per arm with a 4-week washout, followed by an open-label extension in which 10 continued and 8 reached 36 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Elamipretide Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER 2024 Open-label extension, 168 weeks, no control group Limited evidence PMID DOI
Elamipretide Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy 2018 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 1/2 (MMPOWER), n=36, intravenous elamipretide at 0.01, 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg/h infused over 2 hours in a dose-escalating sequence, six-minute walk measured after 5 days Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Elamipretide Effects of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The PROGRESS-HF Phase 2 Trial 2020 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2, 4 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Elamipretide ReCLAIM-2: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial Evaluating Elamipretide in Age-related Macular Degeneration, Geographic Atrophy Growth, Visual Function, and Ellipsoid Zone Preservation 2025 Randomised placebo-controlled phase 2, n=176, dry AMD with non-central geographic atrophy High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Elamipretide The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin 2013 Mechanistic, isolated mitochondria and ischaemic kidney model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Elcatonin Effect of elcatonin versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for acute back pain in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a multiclinic randomized controlled trial 2017 Multicentre randomised controlled trial; 228 Japanese women with acute lumbar pain from osteoporotic vertebral fracture; weekly intramuscular elcatonin 20 units versus oral NSAIDs. Published as 35(4):375-384. PMID DOI
Elcatonin Efficacy and safety of elcatonin in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials 2019 Systematic review with network meta-analysis; 16 randomised trials, 2,754 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Published as 30(9):1723-1732. PMID DOI
Elcatonin Anti-nociceptive effects of elcatonin injection for postmenopausal women with back pain: a randomized controlled trial 2010 Randomised controlled trial of elcatonin injection for back pain in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Published as 4:132-6. PMID DOI
Elcatonin Ovariectomy-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive effect of elcatonin, a synthetic eel calcitonin 1998 Preclinical study in ovariectomised rats using nociceptive threshold testing. Published as 60(2):371-6. PMID DOI
Endothelin-1 A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells 1988 Peptide isolation, sequencing and cDNA cloning from porcine aortic endothelial cells PMID
Endothelin-1 Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension 2002 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (BREATHE-1) PMID
Endothelin-1 Macitentan and morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension 2013 Long-term event-driven randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (SERAPHIN) PMID
Endothelin-1 Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial 2023 Phase 3 randomised double-blind active-controlled trial versus irbesartan (PROTECT) PMID
Endothelin-1 Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial 2023 Two-year results of a phase 3 randomised active-controlled trial PMID
Endothelin-1 Dual endothelin antagonist aprocitentan for resistant hypertension (PRECISION): a multicentre, blinded, randomised, parallel-group, phase 3 trial 2022 Phase 3 randomised blinded parallel-group trial with randomised withdrawal PMID
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection in North and South America 2003 Randomised controlled open-label phase 3, 501 treatment-experienced patients randomised 2:1 to enfuvirtide plus optimised background regimen or the regimen alone PMID
enfuvirtide Efficacy of enfuvirtide in patients infected with drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe and Australia 2003 Randomised controlled open-label phase 3, 512 treatment-experienced patients, identical design to TORO 1 in a separate geography PMID
enfuvirtide Durable efficacy of enfuvirtide over 48 weeks in heavily treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in the T-20 versus optimized background regimen only 1 and 2 clinical trials 2005 Pre-specified pooled 48-week analysis of the TORO 1 and TORO 2 randomised trials PMID
Epitalon Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells 2003 In vitro, telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture Preclinical only PMID DOI
Epitalon Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice 2003 Rodent lifespan study, female outbred SHR mice, 54 per group, 1.0 microgram/mouse subcutaneously on 5 consecutive days monthly from 3 months of age until natural death Preclinical only PMID DOI
Epitalon Inhibitory effect of the peptide epitalon on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice 2002 Transgenic mouse carcinogenesis model, female FVB/N HER-2/neu mice, 1 microgram/mouse subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days monthly from 2 months of age Preclinical only PMID DOI
Epitalon Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life 2003 Non-randomised open clinical follow-up, 266 elderly subjects, 6-8 years of observation with treatment given in the first 2-3 years Limited evidence PMID
Epitalon AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic Mechanism 2020 In vitro, human gingival mesenchymal stem cells, plus in silico molecular modelling of histone binding Preclinical only PMID DOI
Epitalon Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA 2011 In vitro, fluorescence microscopy in HeLa cells and oligonucleotide fluorescence-quenching binding assays Preclinical only PMID DOI
Epitalon Overview of Epitalon - Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties 2025 Narrative review of roughly 25 years of literature Preclinical only PMID DOI
Eptifibatide Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II 1997 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 4,010 patients at 82 US centres undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (placebo n=1,328; eptifibatide 135/0.5 n=1,349; eptifibatide 135/0.75 n=1,333) PMID DOI
Eptifibatide Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes 1998 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 10,948 patients with acute coronary syndrome without persistent ST elevation, enrolled November 1995 to January 1997 PMID DOI
Eptifibatide Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial 2000 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 2,064 patients undergoing planned stent implantation in native coronary arteries, higher-dose double-bolus regimen PMID DOI
Eptifibatide Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes 2009 Randomised, double-blind trial; 9,492 patients with high-risk non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, routine early eptifibatide (≥12 hours before angiography) versus delayed provisional use after angiography PMID DOI
Etelcalcetide Effect of etelcalcetide vs placebo on serum parathyroid hormone in patients receiving hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism: two randomized clinical trials 2017 Two identically designed randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials; just over 1,000 haemodialysis patients with moderate to severe secondary hyperparathyroidism; 26 weeks. Published as 317(2):146-155. PMID DOI Trial
Etelcalcetide Effect of etelcalcetide vs cinacalcet on serum parathyroid hormone in patients receiving hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized clinical trial 2017 Randomised, double-blind, double-dummy active-comparator trial; n=683 haemodialysis patients; intravenous etelcalcetide versus oral cinacalcet; 26 weeks. Published as 317(2):156-164. PMID DOI Trial
Etelcalcetide Critical cysteine residues in both the calcium-sensing receptor and the allosteric activator AMG 416 underlie the mechanism of action 2015 In vitro pharmacology and site-directed mutagenesis of the calcium-sensing receptor. Published as 88(5):853-65. PMID DOI
Etelcalcetide Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis 2012 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled event-driven trial; over 3,800 haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism; composite cardiovascular and mortality primary endpoint. Published as 367(26):2482-2494. PMID DOI
Exenatide Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes 2005 30-week randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (AMIGO programme) across 82 US sites, 336 metformin-treated adults randomised, 272 completed PMID DOI
Exenatide Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes 2004 30-week randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, 377 sulfonylurea-treated adults PMID DOI
Exenatide Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea 2005 30-week randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, 733 adults on dual oral therapy PMID DOI
Exenatide Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study 2008 30-week randomised open-label non-inferiority trial, 295 adults PMID DOI
Exenatide Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes 2017 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcomes trial, 14,752 participants, median follow-up 3.2 years PMID DOI Trial
Follistatin (FST) Follistatin complexes Myostatin and antagonises Myostatin-mediated inhibition of myogenesis 2004 In vitro complex formation and chick embryo myogenesis assays Preclinical only PMID DOI
Follistatin (FST) The structure of myostatin:follistatin 288: insights into receptor utilization and heparin binding 2009 X-ray crystallography of the myostatin:FS-288 complex Preclinical only PMID DOI
Follistatin (FST) Biological activity of follistatin isoforms and follistatin-like-3 is dependent on differential cell surface binding and specificity for activin, myostatin, and bone morphogenetic proteins 2006 Comparative binding and bioactivity assays across follistatin isoforms and follistatin-like-3 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Follistatin (FST) Follistatin gene delivery enhances muscle growth and strength in nonhuman primates 2009 AAV1-FS344 intramuscular gene delivery in non-human primates with longitudinal follow-up Preclinical only PMID DOI
Follistatin (FST) A phase 1/2a follistatin gene therapy trial for becker muscular dystrophy 2015 Open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled dose-escalation; n=6; bilateral intramuscular AAV1.CMV.FS344 at 3 x 10^11 or 6 x 10^11 vg/kg per leg Limited evidence PMID DOI Trial
Follistatin (FST) Follistatin Gene Therapy for Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis Improves Functional Outcomes 2017 Open-label; n=6 treated with rAAV1.CMV.huFS344 at 6 x 10^11 vg/kg by bilateral quadriceps injection, compared with 8 untreated subjects Limited evidence PMID DOI Trial
FOXO4-DRI Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging 2017 In vitro senescent cell assays plus in vivo work in Xpd progeroid, doxorubicin-treated and naturally aged mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
FOXO4-DRI The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI 2025 Solution NMR structural models and biophysical characterisation of the FOXO4-p53 and FOXO4-DRI-p53 complexes Preclinical only PMID DOI
FOXO4-DRI FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice 2020 Aged mouse model, Leydig cell senescence Preclinical only PMID DOI
FOXO4-DRI Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression 2023 Mouse and rat pulmonary hypertension models with senescent cell clearance by three independent methods: a p16 promoter-driven suicide gene, ABT263, and FOXO4-DRI; plus lung tissue from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension Preclinical only PMID DOI
Galanin Galanin - a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine 1983 Peptide isolation and sequencing PMID
Galanin Developing novel antiepileptic drugs: characterization of NAX 5055, a systemically-active galanin analog, in epilepsy models 2009 Preclinical pharmacology across three rodent seizure models Preclinical only PMID
Galanin Galanin receptors: IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology classification 2023 Expert receptor nomenclature and pharmacology resource none
gallium (68Ga) dotatate Prospective study of 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detecting gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and unknown primary sites 2016 Prospective single-institution diagnostic accuracy study, 131 patients, compared with 111In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT and anatomical imaging PMID DOI
gallium (68Ga) dotatate 68Ga-DOTATATE compared with 111In-DTPA-octreotide and conventional imaging for pulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2016 Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies; 2,479 records screened, 42 articles included PMID DOI
gallium (68Ga) dotatate Safety and efficacy of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT for diagnosis, staging, and treatment management of neuroendocrine tumors 2016 Prospective study of diagnostic performance and management impact; 97 consecutively enrolled patients, of whom 78 had both 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and 111In-pentetreotide imaging PMID DOI
gallium (68Ga) gozetotide Assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET accuracy in localizing recurrent prostate cancer: a prospective single-arm clinical trial 2019 Prospective single-arm multicentre diagnostic accuracy trial, 635 men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer PMID DOI
gallium (68Ga) gozetotide Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study 2020 Prospective randomised multicentre comparison of PSMA PET/CT against conventional CT plus bone scintigraphy, 302 men with high-risk disease PMID DOI
gallium (68Ga) gozetotide Diagnostic accuracy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET for pelvic nodal metastasis detection prior to radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection: a multicenter prospective phase 3 imaging trial 2021 Multicentre prospective single-arm phase 3 diagnostic efficacy trial; 764 men enrolled and imaged, of whom 277 (36%) underwent prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and formed the efficacy analysis cohort PMID DOI
Ganirelix Treatment with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone is effective, safe and convenient: results of a controlled, randomized, multicentre trial 2000 Multicentre randomised controlled non-inferiority trial, 730 women randomised 2:1, ganirelix versus intranasal buserelin long protocol with recombinant FSH PMID
Ganirelix Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists for assisted reproductive technology 2016 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of antagonist versus agonist long protocols PMID DOI
Ganirelix Comparison of GnRH antagonist with long GnRH agonist protocol after OCP pretreatment in PCOs patients 2010 Randomised comparison of antagonist versus long agonist protocol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome PMID
Gastrin The constitution and properties of two gastrins extracted from hog antral mucosa 1964 Peptide isolation and structural characterisation PMID
Gastrin Netazepide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, normalises tumour biomarkers and causes regression of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours in a nonrandomised trial of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis 2013 Two-centre, 12-week open-label nonrandomised trial, 16 patients PMID DOI
Gastrin Netazepide, a gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist, can eradicate gastric neuroendocrine tumours in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis 2017 Long-term open-label treatment in patients with type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours PMID
Gastrin Randomized controlled trial of the gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist netazepide in patients with Barrett's esophagus 2021 Randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients with non-dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus PMID
Ghrelin Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach 1999 Reverse pharmacology, peptide isolation and characterisation PMID
Ghrelin Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans 2001 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover infusion study in healthy volunteers PMID
Ghrelin A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans 2001 Human observational study with frequent sampling around fixed meal times PMID
Ghrelin Elevated circulating level of ghrelin in cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: relationships between ghrelin and anabolic/catabolic factors 2001 Human observational study in cachectic and non-cachectic heart failure patients PMID
Ghrelin Ghrelin treatment of cachectic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial 2012 Multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 33 cachectic COPD patients, intravenous ghrelin twice daily for 3 weeks PMID DOI
Ghrelin Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials 2016 Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials of an oral GHSR agonist in cancer cachexia PMID DOI
GHRP-1 Growth hormone-releasing activity of growth hormone-releasing peptide-1 (a synthetic heptapeptide) in children and adolescents 1993 Open-label single intravenous bolus growth hormone provocation study in 15 short but healthy children and adolescents (6 prepubertal, 9 pubertal) and 8 juvenile patients with pituitary insufficiency PMID DOI
GHRP-1 Design, synthesis, and biological activity of peptides which release growth hormone in vitro 1981 Preclinical structure-activity study of enkephalin-derived peptides on rat pituitary cells, guided by conformational analysis Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-1 Conformational energy studies and in vitro and in vivo activity data on growth hormone-releasing peptides 1984 Preclinical conformational energy modelling with in vitro and in vivo activity testing in rats Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-1 Structure-activity relationship for peptidic growth hormone secretagogues 2017 Experimental structure-activity study using a radio-competitive GHS-R1a binding assay against radiolabelled ghrelin, with receptor-assay activity measured in samples from excretion studies after intranasal administration Preclinical only PMID DOI
GHRP-1 Growth hormone-releasing peptides 1997 Narrative review of GHRP pharmacology in animals and humans PMID DOI
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) A simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency 2007 International diagnostic validation study; 77 healthy subjects and 58 patients with peak GH below 3 micrograms/L on an insulin tolerance test; 100 micrograms intravenous GHRP-2 with sampling over 2 hours Mixed evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) Effects of eight months treatment with graded doses of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide in GH-deficient children 1998 Uncontrolled dose-escalation study, n=6 prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency; subcutaneous GHRP-2 at 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 micrograms/kg/day over successive 2-month periods across 8 months Limited evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men 2005 Crossover study, n=7 lean healthy men, GHRP-2 infusion versus saline followed by an ad libitum buffet meal Limited evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2: a phase I study in children 1998 Phase 1 pharmacokinetic study, n=10 prepubertal children (mean age 7.7 years), single 1 microgram/kg intravenous dose with sampling over 2 hours Limited evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH release in normal men and acts synergistically with GH-releasing hormone 1990 Dose-ranging intravenous study in normal men, GHRP alone and combined with GHRH Mixed evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-4 In-house standards derived from doping peptides: Enzymatic and serum stability and degradation profile of GHRP and GHRH-related peptides 2023 Solid-phase synthesis of six GHRP and GHRH-related peptides with in vitro enzymatic and human serum stability and degradation profiling PMID DOI
GHRP-4 Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry 2011 Analytical method development and validation for GHRP detection in human urine, with a proof-of-concept administration study PMID DOI
GHRP-4 Design, synthesis, and biological activity of peptides which release growth hormone in vitro 1981 Preclinical structure-activity screen of enkephalin-derived peptides on rat pituitary cells Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-4 Conformational energy studies and in vitro and in vivo activity data on growth hormone-releasing peptides 1984 Preclinical conformational energy modelling with in vitro and in vivo rat activity data Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-4 Structure-activity relationship for peptidic growth hormone secretagogues 2017 Radio-competitive GHS-R1a binding assay against radiolabelled ghrelin, with receptor-assay activity measured in excretion-study urine after intranasal dosing Preclinical only PMID DOI
GHRP-5 Prolactin-releasing activity of GHRP-5 (Momany peptide) on lactotrophs in vivo and in vitro 2002 Rat in vivo treatment plus in vitro pituitary and enriched lactotroph cell culture Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-5 Design, synthesis, and biological activity of peptides which release growth hormone in vitro 1981 Preclinical structure-activity screen of enkephalin-derived peptides on rat pituitary cells Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-5 Conformational energy studies and in vitro and in vivo activity data on growth hormone-releasing peptides 1984 Preclinical conformational energy modelling with rat in vitro and in vivo activity data Preclinical only PMID
GHRP-5 Adsorption effects of the doping relevant peptides Insulin Lispro, Synachten, TB-500 and GHRP 5 2017 Analytical study of peptide adsorption to consumable surfaces during sample preparation PMID DOI
GHRP-6 On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone 1984 In vitro pituitary cell and in vivo studies across rats, monkeys, lambs, calves and chicks Preclinical only PMID DOI
GHRP-6 Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH release in normal men and acts synergistically with GH-releasing hormone 1990 Dose-ranging intravenous study in normal men, GHRP-6 alone and combined with GHRH Mixed evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-6 Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation 1998 Human endocrine challenge study Mixed evidence PMID DOI
GHRP-6 Growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) prevents oxidant cytotoxicity and reduces myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction 2007 Cell culture and animal model of acute myocardial infarction Preclinical only PMID DOI
GHRP-6 A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release 1996 Molecular cloning and characterisation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor from swine and human pituitary and hypothalamus Preclinical only PMID DOI
Glucagon Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study 2016 Randomised crossover non-inferiority study across eight clinical centres, 75 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 33, median duration 18 years), nasal glucagon 3 mg versus intramuscular glucagon 1 mg during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia PMID DOI
Glucagon Glucagon Administration by Nasal and Intramuscular Routes in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia: A Randomised, Open-Label, Crossover Study 2020 Randomised, open-label, two-period crossover study at two sites, 66 adults with type 1 diabetes in the primary efficacy analysis PMID DOI
Glucagon Nasal glucagon as a viable alternative for treating insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in Japanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A phase 3 randomized crossover study 2020 Phase 3 randomised crossover study in Japanese adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Glucagon Effects of common cold and concomitant administration of nasal decongestant on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasal glucagon in otherwise healthy participants: A randomized clinical trial 2018 Randomised clinical trial of nasal glucagon pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during common cold, with and without decongestant PMID DOI
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (native) Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man 1987 Human infusion study with physiological and postprandial concentration matching PMID DOI
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (native) Normalization of fasting hyperglycaemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients 1993 Controlled human infusion study in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients PMID DOI
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (native) Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus 1993 Controlled human infusion study, 9 patients with type 2 diabetes and 9 matched controls PMID DOI
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (native) Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study 2002 Parallel-group pilot study, 20 patients with type 2 diabetes (10 continuous subcutaneous GLP-1, 10 saline, one control excluded), 6 weeks PMID
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (native) Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2 1996 Preclinical mouse study PMID DOI
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (native) Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon 2001 Open-label, uncontrolled study with formal balance studies, 8 patients, 35 days of native GLP-2 400 micrograms twice daily PMID DOI
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (native) Glepaglutide, a novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue, for patients with short bowel syndrome: a randomised phase 2 trial 2019 Randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging phase 2 trial PMID
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (native) Glepaglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue, reduces parenteral support in patients with short bowel syndrome: a phase 3 randomized controlled trial 2025 International phase 3 randomised, placebo-controlled trial PMID
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus 1993 Controlled human infusion study, 9 patients with type 2 diabetes and 9 age- and weight-matched controls PMID DOI
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) Stimulation of insulin secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in man 1973 Human infusion study PMID DOI
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes 2009 Interventional human study with hyperglycaemic clamp and incretin infusions before and after glycaemic normalisation PMID
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: a bifunctional glucose-dependent regulator of glucagon and insulin secretion in humans 2011 Human clamp study across a range of glucose concentrations with GIP infusion PMID
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine The interaction of copper(II) and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, a growth-modulating tripeptide from plasma 1981 Equilibrium and spectroscopic characterisation PMID
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine Structure of the Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine--copper(II) complex in solution 1982 EPR, ENDOR and spectroscopic structural determination PMID DOI
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ 1992 In vitro, cultured fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID DOI
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures 2000 In vitro, human dermal fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine Effect of Gly-Gly-His, Gly-His-Lys and their copper complexes on TNF-alpha-dependent IL-6 secretion in normal human dermal fibroblasts 2012 In vitro, normal human dermal fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data 2018 Narrative review PMID
glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine D-tyrosine adds an anti-melanogenic effect to cosmetic peptides 2020 In vitro, MNT-1 melanoma cells, primary human melanocytes and a 3D human skin model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Gonadorelin The Pulsatile Gonadorelin Pump Induces Earlier Spermatogenesis Than Cyclical Gonadotropin Therapy in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Men 2019 Non-randomised comparative study over 24 months, n=28 azoospermic men (10 pulsatile gonadorelin pump, 18 cyclical hCG/hMG) Limited evidence PMID DOI
Gonadorelin Efficacy and safety of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a multicentre clinical study 2021 Prospective, self-controlled clinical study over seven days, n=28 men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, evaluating a pulsatile GnRH pump device Limited evidence PMID DOI
Gonadorelin Hormonal control of spermatogenesis in men: therapeutic aspects in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2014 Narrative review of gonadotrophin and pulsatile GnRH therapy for fertility induction - not primary data Limited evidence PMID DOI
Gonadorelin Genetic Profiles and Three-year Follow-up Study of Chinese Males With Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 2021 Three-year longitudinal cohort with whole-exome sequencing and quarterly clinical assessment, n=73 Chinese men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Limited evidence PMID DOI
Goserelin Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin 1997 Randomised controlled trial (EORTC 22863), 415 men with locally advanced prostate cancer PMID
Goserelin Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial 2002 Extended follow-up of EORTC 22863 randomised trial PMID
Goserelin External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study 2010 Ten-year follow-up of EORTC 22863 randomised trial PMID
Goserelin Goserelin for ovarian protection during breast-cancer adjuvant chemotherapy 2015 Randomised controlled trial (POEMS/S0230), 257 premenopausal women with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer PMID
Gramicidin Studies on a bactericidal agent extracted from a soil bacillus: I. Preparation of the agent. Its activity in vitro 1939 Foundational in vitro study of a bacterial culture extract (J Exp Med 70(1):1-10) PMID DOI
Gramicidin Fractionation of the bactericidal agent from cultures of a soil bacillus 1940 Chemical fractionation study (J Biol Chem 132:791-792) DOI
Gramicidin High-resolution conformation of gramicidin A in a lipid bilayer by solid-state NMR 1993 Structural biology study in oriented lipid bilayers (Science 261(5127):1457-60) PMID DOI
HEP-1 (Human Ezrin Peptide One) Ezrin Peptide Therapy from HIV to COVID: Inhibition of Inflammation and Amplification of Adaptive Anti-Viral Immunity 2021 Narrative review by the peptide's developers, summarising uncontrolled clinical series and laboratory work; volume 22, article 11688 Limited evidence PMID DOI
HEP-1 (Human Ezrin Peptide One) Administration of the immunomodulator gepon after tonsillectomy 2005 Russian-language clinical and immunological assessment in 37 patients with chronic tonsillitis before and after bilateral tonsillectomy; issue 3, pages 57-61 Limited evidence PMID
HEP-1 (Human Ezrin Peptide One) The antiviral activity of peptide immunomodulator 'Gepon' in experimental infections caused by herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 2003 Laboratory and in vivo experimental study of antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2; volume 48(5):30-33 Preclinical only PMID
HEP-1 (Human Ezrin Peptide One) Local immune and oxidative status in exacerbated chronic apical periodontitis 2017 Russian-language study of salivary immune and oxidative markers in 67 patients (mean age 31±2.5 years) with exacerbated chronic apical periodontitis, before and after intervention; volume 96(3):26-29 Limited evidence PMID
HEP-1 (Human Ezrin Peptide One) The Clinical Trial of Application of Ezrin Peptide (HEP-1) for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Infection 2020 Registered phase 1 study, 20 participants, COVID-19; sponsor Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Limited evidence Trial
hexapeptide-11 Hexapeptide-11 is a novel modulator of the proteostasis network in human diploid fibroblasts 2015 In vitro, normal human diploid lung and skin fibroblasts, plus in vivo human skin deformation assays reported as a sub-experiment Preclinical only PMID DOI
hexapeptide-11 Modulation of cellular senescence in fibroblasts and dermal papillae cells in vitro 2013 In vitro, intrinsically and extrinsically aged fibroblasts and dermal papilla cells Preclinical only PMID
hexapeptide-11 Protective and Anti-Aging Effects of 5 Cosmeceutical Peptide Mixtures on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Premature Senescence in Human Skin Fibroblasts 2021 In vitro screen of five peptides individually for optimal concentration, then six mixtures Preclinical only PMID DOI
hexapeptide-11 Identification of bioaccessible and neuroprotective peptides from fermented casein hydrolysate 2025 Peptidomic screen and microglial cell culture Preclinical only PMID DOI
Hexarelin Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in humans. A dose-response study 1994 Double-blind, placebo-controlled rising-dose study, n=12 adult male volunteers, single intravenous boluses of 0.5, 1 and 2 micrograms/kg Limited evidence PMID DOI
Hexarelin Growth hormone status during long-term hexarelin therapy 1998 16-week study of hexarelin 1.5 micrograms/kg subcutaneously twice daily, with follow-up to 20 weeks; the abstract does not state the number of subjects Limited evidence PMID DOI
Hexarelin Cardiac effects of hexarelin in hypopituitary adults 1999 Equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography in 7 men with growth hormone deficiency and 9 controls after intravenous hexarelin Limited evidence PMID DOI
Hexarelin CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart 2002 Receptor purification and perfused heart studies including CD36-null mice and CD36-deficient spontaneously hypertensive rats Preclinical only PMID DOI
Hexarelin Acute cardiovascular and hormonal effects of GH and hexarelin, a synthetic GH-releasing peptide, in humans 1999 Comparative radionuclide angiocardiography study of intravenous recombinant human growth hormone versus hexarelin in 7 male volunteers Limited evidence PMID DOI
HGH fragment 176-191 Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone 1978 Preclinical; synthetic C-terminal fragments in animal models Preclinical only PMID DOI
HGH fragment 176-191 Antilipogenic action of synthetic C-terminal sequence 177-191 of human growth hormone 1993 Preclinical; in vitro and rodent adipose tissue Preclinical only PMID
HGH fragment 176-191 Effect of an antilipogenic fragment of human growth hormone on glucose transport in rat adipocytes 1993 Preclinical; isolated rat adipocytes Preclinical only PMID
HGH fragment 176-191 Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment 2001 Preclinical; chronic dosing in obese mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
HGH fragment 176-191 The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice 2001 Preclinical; obese mice and beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
Histrelin Efficacy and safety of histrelin subdermal implant in children with central precocious puberty: a multicenter trial 2007 Prospective single-arm open-label multicentre trial, 36 children with central precocious puberty, single 12-month subdermal implant. No control group. PMID
Histrelin A single histrelin implant is effective for 2 years for treatment of central precocious puberty 2013 Observational cohort of children with central precocious puberty retaining a single implant beyond its nominal 12-month life PMID
human epidermal growth factor Topical epidermal growth factor spray for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: A phase III multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial 2018 Phase III multicentre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial, 167 patients at six centres (82 rhEGF, 85 saline), up to 12 weeks PMID DOI
human epidermal growth factor Growth factors for treating diabetic foot ulcers 2015 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of 11 different growth factors PMID DOI
human epidermal growth factor Efficacy and safety of recombinant human epidermal growth factor for diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials 2020 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials PMID DOI
human epidermal growth factor The Effect of Micro-Spicule Containing Epidermal Growth Factor on Periocular Wrinkles 2017 Randomised controlled split-face study, 20 healthy volunteers aged 33 to 54, 4 weeks daily treatment with 8-week follow-up PMID DOI
human epidermal growth factor Anti-Wrinkle Efficacy of Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid-Based Microneedle Patch with Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 and Epidermal Growth Factor on Korean Skin 2019 Clinical evaluation of a combination microneedle patch PMID
human epidermal growth factor Retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia is mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor activation via specific induction of its ligands heparin-binding EGF and amphiregulin in human skin in vivo 2006 Human skin in vivo and cell culture PMID
Humanin A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and Abeta 2001 Expression cloning from human occipital lobe cDNA library, neuronal cell death assays Preclinical only PMID DOI
Humanin Humanin: a novel central regulator of peripheral insulin action 2009 Rodent, intracerebroventricular and peripheral administration with hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp Preclinical only PMID DOI
Humanin Central effects of humanin on hepatic triglyceride secretion 2015 Rodent, central administration Preclinical only PMID DOI
Humanin A humanin analog decreases oxidative stress and preserves mitochondrial integrity in cardiac myoblasts 2013 In vitro, cardiac myoblasts under oxidative stress Preclinical only PMID DOI
Humanin Humanin Isoforms in Cardiac Muscle and Blood Plasma and Major Complications After Cardiac Operation 2018 Observational biomarker study, n=106, patients undergoing cardiac surgery; completed Limited evidence Trial
Icatibant Icatibant, a new bradykinin-receptor antagonist, in hereditary angioedema 2010 Two parallel phase 3 randomised, double-blind, controlled trials in acute hereditary angioedema attacks, 130 patients in total: FAST-1 (56 patients) versus placebo, FAST-2 (74 patients) versus tranexamic acid PMID DOI
Icatibant Randomized placebo-controlled trial of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema: the FAST-3 trial 2011 Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 88 patients with moderate to very severe cutaneous or abdominal attacks (icatibant n=43, placebo n=45), plus a cohort of 10 subjects with laryngeal attacks PMID DOI
Icatibant Randomized trial of icatibant for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced upper airway angioedema 2017 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 121 patients randomised (icatibant 61, placebo 60; 118 treated) with at least moderately severe ACE-inhibitor-induced upper airway angioedema PMID DOI
Insulin aspart Insulin aspart vs. human insulin in the management of long-term blood glucose control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial 2000 Six-month multicentre randomised open-label parallel-group trial, n=1,070 adults with type 1 diabetes PMID
Insulin aspart Hypoglycaemia with insulin aspart: a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial in subjects with Type 1 diabetes 2004 Double-blind randomised crossover trial in adults with type 1 diabetes, aspart immediately before meals versus soluble human insulin PMID
Insulin aspart Maternal glycemic control and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic pregnancy: a randomized trial of insulin aspart versus human insulin in 322 pregnant women 2007 Randomised controlled trial in 322 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, insulin aspart versus regular human insulin as prandial insulin within a basal-bolus regimen with isophane insulin PMID
Insulin aspart Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2016 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of rapid-acting analogues including aspart PMID DOI
Insulin aspart Efficacy and Safety of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs in Special Populations with Type 1 Diabetes or Gestational Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2018 Systematic review and meta-analysis covering pregnancy, children and adolescents, and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion PMID
Insulin degludec Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 1): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial 2012 52-week randomised open-label treat-to-target non-inferiority trial, n=629, type 1 diabetes PMID DOI
Insulin degludec Insulin degludec versus insulin glargine in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year, randomized, treat-to-target trial (BEGIN Once Long) 2012 52-week randomised open-label treat-to-target non-inferiority trial, n=1,030, insulin-naive type 2 diabetes PMID
Insulin degludec Efficacy and Safety of Degludec versus Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes 2017 Double-blind, treat-to-target, event-driven cardiovascular outcome trial, n=7,637 adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, median follow-up about 2 years PMID DOI
Insulin degludec Effect of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine U100 on Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: The SWITCH 1 Randomized Clinical Trial 2017 Double-blind, randomised, two-period crossover treat-to-target trial, n=501 adults with type 1 diabetes and at least one hypoglycaemia risk factor PMID
Insulin degludec Effect of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine U100 on Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SWITCH 2 Randomized Clinical Trial 2017 Double-blind, randomised, two-period crossover treat-to-target trial, n=721 adults with type 2 diabetes and at least one hypoglycaemia risk factor PMID
Insulin detemir Insulin detemir offers improved glycemic control compared with NPH insulin in people with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial 2004 Multicentre randomised open-label parallel-group trial, n=408 adults with type 1 diabetes, two twice-daily detemir regimens versus isophane insulin PMID
Insulin detemir A 26-week, randomized, parallel, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with NPH insulin as add-on therapy to oral glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes 2006 26-week randomised open-label parallel-group treat-to-target trial, n=476, insulin-naive type 2 diabetes on oral agents PMID
Insulin detemir A randomised, 52-week, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine when administered as add-on to glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes 2008 52-week multinational randomised open-label parallel-group non-inferiority trial, n=582, insulin-naive type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Insulin detemir Addition of biphasic, prandial, or basal insulin to oral therapy in type 2 diabetes 2007 Three-arm randomised open-label trial, n=708 adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin and a sulfonylurea, one-year report PMID DOI
Insulin detemir Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes 2009 Three-year extension of the 4-T trial with protocol-driven intensification, n=708 PMID DOI
Insulin glargine The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients 2003 24-week randomised, open-label, parallel-group treat-to-target trial, n=756 adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral agents PMID DOI
Insulin glargine Less hypoglycemia with insulin glargine in intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes 2000 Pooled analysis of two 28-week multicentre randomised open-label trials in adults with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injections PMID DOI
Insulin glargine Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia 2012 Randomised 2x2 factorial cardiovascular outcome trial, n=12,537, median follow-up 6.2 years, glargine titrated to fasting glucose ≤5.3 mmol/L versus standard care PMID DOI
Insulin glargine Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus 2007 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials PMID DOI
Insulin glargine Association of Initiation of Basal Insulin Analogs vs Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin With Hypoglycemia-Related Emergency Department Visits or Hospital Admissions and With Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes 2018 Retrospective observational cohort with propensity-score matching, n=25,489 adults with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin in routine care PMID DOI
Insulin glulisine Insulin glulisine provides improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes 2004 26-week multicentre randomised open-label parallel-group trial, n=876 adults with type 2 diabetes, glulisine or regular human insulin each combined with isophane insulin PMID DOI
Insulin glulisine Optimized Basal-bolus insulin regimens in type 1 diabetes: insulin glulisine versus regular human insulin in combination with Basal insulin glargine 2005 12-week randomised trial, n=860 adults with type 1 diabetes, three arms: premeal glulisine, postmeal glulisine, and premeal regular human insulin, all with basal glargine PMID
Insulin glulisine Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2016 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of rapid-acting analogues including glulisine PMID DOI
Insulin glulisine Efficacy and Safety of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs in Special Populations with Type 1 Diabetes or Gestational Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2018 Systematic review and meta-analysis covering pregnancy, children and adolescents, and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion PMID
Insulin human (regular) Human insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology: safety and hypoglycaemic potency in healthy men 1980 First-in-human comparative study of biosynthetic human insulin against purified animal insulin in healthy male volunteers PMID
Insulin human (regular) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 1993 Randomised controlled trial of intensive versus conventional insulin therapy, 1,441 people with type 1 diabetes, mean follow-up 6.5 years PMID DOI
Insulin human (regular) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) 1998 Randomised controlled trial of intensive versus conventional glycaemic control, 3,867 people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, median follow-up 10 years PMID DOI
Insulin human (regular) Reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia and frequency of hypoglycemia in IDDM patients on insulin-analog treatment 1997 Multicentre randomised crossover trial comparing insulin lispro with regular human insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes PMID
Insulin human (regular) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients 2009 Randomised controlled trial of intensive intravenous insulin therapy versus conventional glucose targets, 6,104 intensive care unit patients PMID DOI
Insulin icodec Weekly Icodec versus Daily Glargine U100 in Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin 2023 78-week phase 3a randomised open-label treat-to-target trial, n=984 insulin-naive adults with type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Insulin icodec Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec vs Once-Daily Insulin Degludec in Adults With Insulin-Naive Type 2 Diabetes: The ONWARDS 3 Randomized Clinical Trial 2023 26-week phase 3a randomised double-blind double-dummy treat-to-target trial, n=588 insulin-naive adults with type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Insulin icodec Switching to once-weekly insulin icodec versus once-daily insulin glargine U100 in individuals with basal-bolus insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (ONWARDS 4): a phase 3a, randomised, open-label, multicentre, treat-to-target, non-inferiority trial 2023 26-week phase 3a randomised open-label treat-to-target non-inferiority trial, n=582 adults with type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus therapy PMID
Insulin icodec Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec With Dosing Guide App Versus Once-Daily Basal Insulin Analogues in Insulin-Naive Type 2 Diabetes (ONWARDS 5): A Randomized Trial 2023 52-week pragmatic randomised open-label trial, n=1,085 insulin-naive adults with type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Insulin icodec Once-weekly insulin icodec versus once-daily insulin degludec as part of a basal-bolus regimen in individuals with type 1 diabetes (ONWARDS 6): a phase 3a, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target trial 2023 52-week phase 3a randomised open-label treat-to-target trial with the primary endpoint at week 26, n=582 adults with type 1 diabetes on basal-bolus therapy (icodec n=290, degludec n=292) PMID DOI
Insulin icodec Molecular Engineering of Insulin Icodec, the First Acylated Insulin Analog for Once-Weekly Administration in Humans 2021 Preclinical and early clinical molecular pharmacology PMID DOI
Insulin lispro Reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia and frequency of hypoglycemia in IDDM patients on insulin-analog treatment 1997 Randomised open-label crossover trial, n=1,008 adults with type 1 diabetes, multinational, six months per treatment PMID DOI
Insulin lispro Insulin lispro in CSII: results of a double-blind crossover study 1997 Double-blind randomised crossover trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, lispro versus regular human insulin PMID
Insulin lispro Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2016 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in adults with type 1 diabetes PMID DOI
Insulin lispro Efficacy and Safety of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs in Special Populations with Type 1 Diabetes or Gestational Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2018 Systematic review and meta-analysis covering pregnancy, paediatric populations and pump therapy PMID
Ipamorelin Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue 1998 In vitro and in vivo characterisation in rat pituitary cells, rats and swine Preclinical only PMID DOI
Ipamorelin Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers 1999 Dose-escalation pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study in healthy male volunteers, intravenous infusion Limited evidence PMID DOI
Ipamorelin Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients 2014 Multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in adults undergoing open or laparoscopic bowel resection; 117 enrolled, 114 treated; intravenous ipamorelin 0.03 mg/kg twice daily from postoperative day 1 to day 7 or discharge Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Ipamorelin A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release 1996 Molecular cloning and characterisation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor Preclinical only PMID DOI
Isophane insulin (NPH) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 1993 Randomised controlled trial, n=1,441 people with type 1 diabetes, mean follow-up 6.5 years, intensive versus conventional therapy using regular human insulin and isophane insulin PMID DOI
Isophane insulin (NPH) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) 1998 Randomised controlled trial, n=3,867 people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, median 10 years' follow-up PMID
Isophane insulin (NPH) Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus 2007 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials PMID DOI
Isophane insulin (NPH) Association of Initiation of Basal Insulin Analogs vs Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin With Hypoglycemia-Related Emergency Department Visits or Hospital Admissions and With Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes 2018 Retrospective observational cohort with propensity-score matching, n=25,489 adults with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin in an integrated health system PMID DOI
Isophane insulin (NPH) The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients 2003 24-week randomised open-label parallel-group treat-to-target trial, n=756 adults with type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
ixazomib Oral ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma 2016 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3, 722 patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma PMID DOI
ixazomib Final overall survival analysis of the TOURMALINE-MM1 phase III trial of ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma 2021 Pre-specified final overall survival analysis of TOURMALINE-MM1 after median follow-up of approximately 85 months PMID DOI
ixazomib Oral ixazomib maintenance following autologous stem cell transplantation (TOURMALINE-MM3): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial 2019 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3, 656 patients randomised 3:2 to ixazomib or placebo maintenance after autologous transplantation PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-10 Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in men 2011 Human physiological study in healthy men: intravenous kisspeptin-10 boluses (0.01-3.0 micrograms/kg) and continuous infusions up to 22.5 hours, with deconvolution analysis of LH secretion Limited evidence PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-10 Kisspeptin Responsiveness Signals Emergence of Reproductive Endocrine Activity: Implications for Human Puberty 2016 Human physiological study in six men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism who had undergone spontaneous reversal, comparing kisspeptin responsiveness in those sustaining versus relapsing from reversal Limited evidence PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-10 Kisspeptin modulates sexual and emotional brain processing in humans 2017 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-way crossover fMRI study, n=29 healthy heterosexual young men, 75-minute intravenous infusion of kisspeptin-54 at 1 nmol/kg/hour Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-10 Modulations of human resting brain connectivity by kisspeptin enhance sexual and emotional functions 2018 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-way crossover resting-state fMRI study, n=29 healthy men, intravenous kisspeptin-54 Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-10 Effects of Kisspeptin Administration in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial 2022 Double-masked, placebo-controlled two-way crossover randomised trial; 40 premenopausal women with HSDD randomised, 32 completed both visits; single 75-minute intravenous kisspeptin-54 infusion Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-10 Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial 2023 Double-blind, placebo-controlled two-way crossover randomised trial; 37 men with HSDD randomised, 32 completed; single 75-minute intravenous kisspeptin-54 infusion Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Kisspeptin-54 Kisspeptin-54 triggers egg maturation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization 2014 Single-centre proof-of-concept dose-ranging study, 53 women undergoing IVF, single subcutaneous kisspeptin-54 injection as oocyte maturation trigger PMID
Kisspeptin-54 Efficacy of Kisspeptin-54 to Trigger Oocyte Maturation in Women at High Risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) During In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Therapy 2015 Single-centre study of kisspeptin-54 as oocyte maturation trigger in 60 women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome PMID
Kisspeptin-54 Increasing LH pulsatility in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea using intravenous infusion of Kisspeptin-54 2014 Single-blinded controlled crossover study, five women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea, six visits each receiving eight-hour infusions of vehicle or one of five kisspeptin-54 doses (0.01 to 1.00 nmol/kg/h) PMID
KPV (lysyl-prolyl-valine) PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation 2008 Human intestinal epithelial cell lines and mouse colitis models Preclinical only PMID DOI
KPV (lysyl-prolyl-valine) Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease 2008 Two mouse colitis models (DSS and CD45RB-high transfer), plus MC1R-deficient mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
KPV (lysyl-prolyl-valine) Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides 2003 Rodent inflammation models comparing alpha-MSH fragments Preclinical only PMID DOI
KPV (lysyl-prolyl-valine) Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis 2017 Mouse ulcerative colitis model with engineered oral nanoparticle delivery Preclinical only PMID DOI
KPV (lysyl-prolyl-valine) Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists 2012 Immortalised human bronchial epithelial cell culture (16HBE14o-), measuring TNF-alpha- and RSV-evoked NF-kappaB signalling Preclinical only PMID
Lanreotide Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 2014 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multinational phase 3 trial in 204 patients with metastatic grade 1 or 2 (Ki-67 up to 10%) non-functioning enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours; lanreotide autogel 120 mg or placebo every 28 days for 96 weeks PMID DOI Trial
Lanreotide Lanreotide autogel/depot in advanced enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: final results of the CLARINET open-label extension study 2021 Open-label extension of the CLARINET phase 3 trial; 89 patients took part (42 previously on lanreotide, 47 previously on placebo) PMID DOI
Lanreotide Evaluation of lanreotide depot/autogel efficacy and safety as a carcinoid syndrome treatment (ELECT): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial 2016 Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 16-week trial in 115 patients with carcinoid syndrome (lanreotide 59, placebo 56), with the percentage of days requiring rescue short-acting octreotide as the primary endpoint PMID DOI
Lanreotide Comparison of octreotide acetate LAR and lanreotide SR in patients with acromegaly 2000 Multicentre switch study in 125 patients with acromegaly previously on lanreotide SR 30 mg every 10 or 14 days, switched to octreotide LAR 20 mg monthly; the timing of the switch was randomised 3:1, not the drug allocation PMID DOI
Lepirudin Lepirudin (recombinant hirudin) for parenteral anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 1999 Prospective multicentre cohort study with a historical control group; 95 lepirudin-treated patients with confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia compared with 120 historical control patients PMID DOI
Lepirudin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thromboembolic complications: meta-analysis of 2 prospective trials to assess the value of parenteral treatment with lepirudin and its therapeutic aPTT range 2000 Meta-analysis of two prospective trials; 113 lepirudin-treated patients compared with 91 historical control patients PMID
Lepirudin Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions associated with lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 2003 Pharmacovigilance analysis of spontaneously reported severe reactions across approximately 35,000 lepirudin-treated patients PMID
Leu-enkephalin Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity 1975 Peptide isolation, sequencing and bioassay PMID
Leu-enkephalin Racecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children 2019 Systematic review and meta-analysis of seven randomised trials, approximately 1,140 children PMID DOI
Leu-enkephalin Dynorphin is a specific endogenous ligand of the kappa opioid receptor 1982 Receptor binding and bioassay characterisation PMID DOI
Leuprorelin Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer 1984 Multicentre randomised controlled trial, 199 men with previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer PMID
Leuprorelin Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methods of androgen suppression in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer 1999 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of androgen suppression methods PMID
Leuprorelin The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer 2008 Randomised open-label phase 3 trial (CS21), 610 men, degarelix versus leuprorelin 7.5 mg monthly PMID
Leuprorelin Cardiovascular Safety of Degarelix Versus Leuprolide in Patients With Prostate Cancer: The Primary Results of the PRONOUNCE Randomized Trial 2021 Randomised open-label trial, 545 men with prostate cancer and established cardiovascular disease PMID Trial
Linaclotide Two randomized trials of linaclotide for chronic constipation 2011 Two identical phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (trials 303 and 01), 1,276 patients, 12 weeks PMID
Linaclotide Linaclotide for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety 2012 Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, 804 patients, 26 weeks PMID
Linaclotide A 12-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation 2012 Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 4-week randomised withdrawal, 800 patients, 12 weeks PMID
Linaclotide Randomised clinical trials: linaclotide phase 3 studies in IBS-C, a prespecified further analysis based on European Medicines Agency-specified endpoints 2013 Prespecified pooled reanalysis of two phase 3 trials (n=803 and n=805 as randomised in that analysis) using EMA-specified co-primary responder definitions PMID
Liraglutide Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes 2016 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trial, n=9,341, median follow-up 3.8 years High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Liraglutide A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management 2015 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=3,731, 56 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Liraglutide Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial 2015 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, n=846, 56 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Lixisenatide Efficacy and safety of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide in monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes (GetGoal-Mono) 2012 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 monotherapy trial, 361 adults across two titration regimens and pooled placebo PMID DOI
Lixisenatide Adding once-daily lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by established basal insulin: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison (GetGoal-L) 2013 24-week randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, 495 adults on established basal insulin PMID DOI
Lixisenatide Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome 2015 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcomes trial, 6,068 participants with recent acute coronary syndrome, median follow-up 25 months PMID DOI Trial
LL-37 Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial 2014 First-in-human phase I/IIa; n=34; 3-week placebo run-in, then 4 weeks of twice-weekly topical LL-37 at 0.5, 1.6 or 3.2 mg/mL versus placebo, plus 4-week follow-up; volume 22(5):613-621 Mixed evidence PMID DOI
LL-37 Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial 2021 Phase IIb, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial at sites in Poland and Sweden; 148 patients treated; topical LL-37 at 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL twice weekly alongside compression therapy; volume 29(6):938-950 High-quality evidence PMID DOI
LL-37 Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide 2007 Mechanistic study in human cells and psoriatic skin; volume 449(7162):564-569 Preclinical only PMID DOI
LL-37 The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a T-cell autoantigen in psoriasis 2014 Human immunological study of circulating and skin-derived T cells from patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis; volume 5, article 5621 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency 1992 In vitro characterisation of N-terminally extended IGF-1 fusion analogues, including Long [Arg3]-IGF-I, across L6 myoblasts, H35 hepatoma cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID DOI
Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) Production and characterization of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and potent analogues of IGF-I, with Gly or Arg substituted for Glu3, following their expression in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins 1992 Recombinant expression, folding and biochemical characterisation of IGF-1 and its Gly3 and Arg3 analogues in E. coli Preclinical only PMID DOI
Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and especially IGF-I variants are anabolic in dexamethasone-treated rats 1992 Controlled infusion study in glucocorticoid-treated rats Preclinical only PMID DOI
Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) Long R3 insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) infusion stimulates organ growth but reduces plasma IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein concentrations in the guinea pig 1995 Continuous infusion study in guinea pigs Preclinical only PMID DOI
Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) The somatotropic axis in neonatal calves can be modulated by nutrition, growth hormone, and Long-R3-IGF-I 1997 Controlled feeding and hormone administration study in neonatal calves Preclinical only PMID DOI
Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) Detection of His-tagged Long-R3-IGF-I in a black market product 2010 Analytical characterisation of a seized injection vial by immunoaffinity purification, nano-UPLC mass spectrometry and ELISA Limited evidence PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide Phase 3 trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumors 2017 Randomised open-label phase 3, 229 patients with advanced progressive somatostatin-receptor-positive midgut neuroendocrine tumours PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide 177Lu-Dotatate plus long-acting octreotide versus high-dose long-acting octreotide in patients with midgut neuroendocrine tumours (NETTER-1): final overall survival and long-term safety results from an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial 2021 Final overall survival analysis of NETTER-1 at median follow-up over six years PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE plus long-acting octreotide versus high-dose long-acting octreotide for the treatment of newly diagnosed, advanced grade 2-3, well-differentiated, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETTER-2): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study 2024 Randomised open-label phase 3, 226 patients with newly diagnosed advanced grade 2-3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, first-line setting PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide Long-term efficacy, survival, and safety of [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate in patients with gastroenteropancreatic and bronchial neuroendocrine tumors 2017 Large single-centre observational cohort, 610 patients treated at Erasmus Medical Centre with long-term follow-up PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer 2021 Randomised open-label phase 3, 831 patients with PSMA-positive mCRPC previously treated with an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor and taxane chemotherapy PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial 2021 Randomised open-label phase 2 head-to-head comparison against cabazitaxel chemotherapy, 200 men PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan Overall survival with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): secondary outcomes of a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial 2024 Secondary overall survival analysis of the TheraP randomised phase 2 trial PMID DOI
lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan 177Lu-PSMA-617 versus a change of androgen receptor pathway inhibitor therapy for taxane-naive patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PSMAfore): a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial 2024 Randomised open-label phase 3, 468 taxane-naive patients randomised to the radioligand or a switch of androgen receptor pathway inhibitor PMID DOI
Macimorelin Macimorelin as a Diagnostic Test for Adult GH Deficiency 2018 Multicentre, open-label, randomised, two-way crossover trial comparing single-dose oral macimorelin with the insulin tolerance test. The efficacy analysis included subjects at high (n=38), intermediate (n=37) and low (n=39) likelihood of adult growth hormone deficiency plus 25 matched healthy controls PMID DOI
Macimorelin European Medicines Agency marketing authorisation record: macimorelin for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults 2019 EU regulatory assessment and authorisation record for macimorelin none
Macimorelin Molecular recognition of two approved drugs Macimorelin and Anamorelin by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 2025 Cryo-electron microscopy structures of GHS-R1a bound to macimorelin and to anamorelin in complex with Gq proteins, at 2.63 and 2.52 angstrom resolution, with systematic mutagenesis and functional assays PMID DOI
Mazdutide A phase 1b randomised controlled trial of a glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist IBI362 (LY3305677) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes 2022 Randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial in 43 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes across nine centres; 12 weeks of once-weekly IBI362 at 3.0, 4.5 or 6.0 mg, placebo, or dulaglutide; 42 completed PMID
Mazdutide A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity 2023 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in 248 Chinese adults with overweight or obesity across 20 hospitals PMID
Mazdutide Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial 2024 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes PMID
Mazdutide Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight 2025 48-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, 610 Chinese adults with BMI at least 28, or 24-28 with an obesity-related comorbidity; mean baseline weight 87.2 kg, mean BMI 31.1 PMID DOI
Mazdutide Mazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes 2026 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in just over 300 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Mazdutide Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes 2026 Randomised active-comparator phase 3 trial of mazdutide 4 mg and 6 mg against dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes PMID
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Cloning and characterization of an IGF-1 isoform expressed in skeletal muscle subjected to stretch 1996 Molecular cloning from mechanically stretched rabbit skeletal muscle Preclinical only PMID DOI
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Expression of insulin growth factor-1 splice variants and structural genes in rabbit skeletal muscle induced by stretch and stimulation 1999 Controlled stretch and electrical stimulation of rabbit skeletal muscle with transcript quantification Preclinical only PMID DOI
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Minireview: Mechano-growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration 2010 Critical review of the MGF literature Preclinical only PMID DOI
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Insulin-like growth factor-I E-peptide activity is dependent on the IGF-I receptor 2012 Receptor-dependence experiments in cultured muscle cells using IGF-1R blockade and knockdown Preclinical only PMID DOI
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Mechano Growth Factor E peptide (MGF-E), derived from an isoform of IGF-1, activates human muscle progenitor cells and induces an increase in their fusion potential at different ages 2011 In vitro treatment of human muscle progenitor cells from young and elderly donors Preclinical only PMID DOI
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Mass spectrometric characterization of a biotechnologically produced full-length mechano growth factor (MGF) relevant for doping controls 2014 Analytical characterisation by mass spectrometry of commercially produced full-length MGF Limited evidence PMID DOI
Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec E-peptide) Detection and in vitro metabolism of the confiscated peptides BPC 157 and MGF R23H 2017 Analytical characterisation and in vitro metabolic stability testing of peptides seized from the black market Limited evidence PMID DOI
Melanotan II Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study 1996 Uncontrolled pilot phase I study in 3 healthy male volunteers, escalating subcutaneous doses of 0.01-0.03 mg/kg over two weeks Limited evidence PMID
Melanotan II Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study 1998 Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, n=10 men with erectile dysfunction of psychogenic origin Limited evidence PMID
Melanotan II Effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction 2000 Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, n=10 men with organic erectile dysfunction Limited evidence PMID DOI
Melanotan II Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis 2012 Single case report - 39-year-old man who self-injected 6 mg of melanotan II purchased online Limited evidence PMID DOI
Melanotan II Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan-II 2014 Single case report Limited evidence PMID DOI
Melanotan II Melanotan-associated melanoma 2011 Single case report (letter) Limited evidence PMID DOI
Met-enkephalin Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity 1975 Peptide isolation, sequencing and bioassay from porcine brain PMID
Met-enkephalin Racecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children 2019 Systematic review and meta-analysis of seven randomised trials, approximately 1,140 children PMID DOI
Met-enkephalin Opioid growth factor improves clinical benefit and survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer 2010 Prospective open-label single-arm phase 2 trial, 24 patients who had failed standard chemotherapy, compared with historical controls PMID DOI
Motilin Receptor for motilin identified in the human gastrointestinal system 1999 Receptor cloning and pharmacological characterisation in human tissue PMID DOI
Motilin Sequence of an intestinal cDNA encoding human motilin precursor 1987 Molecular cloning PMID DOI
Motilin GSK962040: a small molecule, selective motilin receptor agonist, effective as a stimulant of human and rabbit gastrointestinal motility 2009 Preclinical and human tissue pharmacology Preclinical only PMID DOI
Motilin The effect of camicinal (GSK962040), a motilin agonist, on gastric emptying and glucose absorption in feed-intolerant critically ill patients: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial 2016 Prospective randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, 23 mechanically ventilated feed-intolerant patients (camicinal 50 mg n=15, placebo n=8), single dose PMID DOI
Motilin Manometric evaluation of the motilin receptor agonist camicinal (GSK962040) in humans 2018 Randomised, double-blind, crossover controlled human antroduodenal manometry study PMID
MOTS-c The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance 2015 Preclinical; cell culture and mouse models including high-fat-diet and aged mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
MOTS-c MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis 2021 Preclinical mouse studies with supporting human exercise sampling Preclinical only PMID DOI
MOTS-c The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c: a player in exceptional longevity? 2015 Genetic association study in Japanese cohorts including centenarians Limited evidence PMID DOI
MOTS-c A pro-diabetogenic mtDNA polymorphism in the mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c 2021 Genetic association study with supporting functional work Limited evidence PMID DOI
MOTS-c MOTS-c modulates skeletal muscle function by directly binding and activating CK2 2024 Preclinical; biochemical binding studies and rodent skeletal muscle Preclinical only PMID DOI
MOTS-c MOTS-c for Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Adults With Prediabetes and Overweight/Obesity 2026 Phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventional trial, planned n=120, 12 weeks Limited evidence Trial
Myostatin (GDF-8) Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member 1997 Gene targeting and phenotypic characterisation of myostatin-null mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
Myostatin (GDF-8) Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child 2004 Clinical and genetic case report with family segregation analysis Limited evidence PMID DOI
Myostatin (GDF-8) Regulation of muscle growth by multiple ligands signaling through activin type II receptors 2005 Soluble ActRIIB administration in wild-type and myostatin-null mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
Myostatin (GDF-8) A phase I/II trial of MYO-029 in adult subjects with muscular dystrophy 2008 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation in adults with Becker, facioscapulohumeral and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Myostatin (GDF-8) Bimagrumab vs Optimized Standard of Care for Treatment of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial 2020 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Myostatin (GDF-8) Effect of Bimagrumab vs Placebo on Body Fat Mass Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial 2021 Phase 2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Myostatin (GDF-8) Safety and efficacy of apitegromab in nonambulatory type 2 or type 3 spinal muscular atrophy (SAPPHIRE): a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial 2025 Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 188 patients enrolled in total, comprising a main efficacy population of 156 aged 2-12 randomised 1:1:1 to apitegromab 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg or placebo intravenously every 4 weeks for 12 months on background SMN-targeted therapy, plus an exploratory cohort of 32 aged 13-21 High-quality evidence PMID DOI
myristoyl pentapeptide-17 Collagen stimulating effect of peptide amphiphile C16-KTTKS on human fibroblasts 2013 Biophysical characterisation plus fibroblast culture Preclinical only PMID
myristoyl pentapeptide-17 Noninvasive Monitoring of Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 in Human Skin Layers: Mechanical Interaction with Skin Components and Its Potential Skincare Benefits 2025 Label-free analytical study (orbital trapping secondary ion mass spectrometry, stimulated Raman scattering) on full-thickness human skin Preclinical only PMID DOI
myristoyl pentapeptide-17 Complications and adverse effects of periocular aesthetic treatments 2022 Narrative review PMID
N-Acetyl Epitalon Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells 2003 In vitro, telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture Preclinical only PMID DOI
N-Acetyl semax amidate N-terminal degradation of ACTH(4-10) and its synthetic analog semax by the rat blood enzymes 1991 In vitro enzymatic degradation study in rat blood Preclinical only PMID DOI
N-Acetyl semax amidate Degradation of the ACTH(4-10) analog Semax in the presence of rat basal forebrain cell cultures and plasma membranes 2006 In vitro degradation of labelled Semax by rat basal forebrain cultures and plasma membranes Preclinical only PMID DOI
N-Acetyl semax amidate Kinetics of Semax penetration into the brain and blood of rats after its intranasal administration 2006 Pharmacokinetic study of labelled Semax in rats after intranasal administration Preclinical only PMID DOI
Nafarelin Administration of nasal nafarelin as compared with oral danazol for endometriosis. A multicenter double-blind comparative clinical trial 1988 Multicentre double-blind double-dummy randomised controlled trial, nafarelin nasal spray versus oral danazol in laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis PMID
Nafarelin A comparison of nafarelin acetate and danazol in the treatment of endometriosis 1990 Randomised comparative trial in women with endometriosis PMID
Nafarelin Prospective randomized double-blind trial of 3 versus 6 months of nafarelin therapy for endometriosis associated pelvic pain 1995 Prospective randomised double-blind trial comparing treatment durations PMID
Nesiritide Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure 2000 Two parallel randomised trials totalling 432 patients: an efficacy trial in 127 patients (nesiritide versus placebo) and a comparative trial in 305 patients (nesiritide versus standard intravenous therapy) PMID DOI
Nesiritide Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial 2002 Randomised, double-blind trial; 489 patients hospitalised with dyspnoea from decompensated heart failure (204 nesiritide, 143 nitroglycerin, 142 placebo) PMID DOI
Nesiritide Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure 2005 Meta-analysis of 5 randomised controlled trials, 1,269 patients PMID DOI
Nesiritide Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure 2011 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 7,141 patients hospitalised with acute heart failure, nesiritide or placebo for 24-168 hours in addition to standard care PMID DOI Trial
Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y - a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide 1982 Peptide isolation and sequencing from porcine brain PMID
Neuropeptide Y A Randomized Dose-Ranging Study of Neuropeptide Y in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 2018 Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled crossover single-ascending-dose study across five dose cohorts; 26 randomised, 24 completed both treatment days PMID DOI Trial
Neuropeptide Y A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Neuropeptide Y in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder 2020 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group trial, n=30 (12 NPY, 18 placebo), single 6.8 mg intranasal dose PMID DOI
Neuropeptide Y Velneperit (S-2367), an oral neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antagonist, in obesity 2011 Phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled trials in obesity none
Neurotensin The isolation of a new hypotensive peptide, neurotensin, from bovine hypothalami 1973 Peptide isolation and characterisation PMID
Neurotensin 177Lu-3BP-227 for Neurotensin Receptor 1-Targeted Therapy of Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: First Clinical Results 2018 First-in-human open-label uncontrolled case series, six patients PMID
Neurotensin Study to Evaluate the Safety and Activity (Including Distribution) of 177Lu-3BP-227 in Subjects With Solid Tumours Expressing Neurotensin Receptor Type 1 2018 Phase 1 open-label multicentre trial in NTSR1-expressing solid tumours including pancreatic, colorectal, gastric and head and neck cancer; registration status terminated Trial
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults 2018 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover, n=30, 1000 mg/day NR for 6 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotinamide riboside in obese men: safety, insulin-sensitivity, and lipid-mobilizing effects 2018 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled, n=40, 2000 mg/day NR for 12 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD+ Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures 2019 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled, aged men, 1000 mg/day NR for 21 days Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women 2021 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled, n=25, 250 mg/day NMN for 10 weeks, prediabetic postmenopausal women Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) The Effect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Riboside on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2025 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Effects of NAD+ precursors on blood pressure, C-reactive protein concentration and carotid intima-media thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials 2023 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor 1995 Peptide isolation and receptor deorphanisation PMID
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that activates an opioidlike G protein-coupled receptor 1995 Independent peptide isolation and receptor deorphanisation PMID
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ A Selective Nociceptin Receptor Antagonist to Treat Depression: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies 2016 Preclinical pharmacology plus an eight-week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial of LY2940094 40 mg once daily in major depressive disorder PMID DOI
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ ALLEVIATE-1 and ALLEVIATE-2: cebranopadol for moderate-to-severe acute pain 2025 Two phase 3 randomised placebo-controlled trials in abdominoplasty and bunionectomy none
Obestatin Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake 2005 Rodent in vivo studies and in vitro receptor pharmacology PMID
Obestatin GPR39 signaling is stimulated by zinc ions but not by obestatin 2007 Receptor pharmacology and signal transduction study PMID
Obestatin Comment on 'Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake' 2007 Technical comment challenging the original receptor assignment PMID DOI
Obestatin Lack of obestatin effects on food intake: should obestatin be renamed ghrelin-associated peptide (GAP)? 2007 Review of rodent food intake, gastric transit and receptor-binding evidence PMID
Obestatin Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptides 2010 Rodent metabolic study with NMR structural characterisation PMID DOI
Octreotide Treatment of the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Evaluation of a long-acting somatostatin analogue 1986 Uncontrolled open-label prospective evaluation of subcutaneous SMS 201-995, 150 micrograms three times daily, in 25 patients with histologically proved metastatic carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome PMID DOI
Octreotide Octreotide acetate long-acting formulation versus open-label subcutaneous octreotide acetate in malignant carcinoid syndrome 1999 Randomised trial comparing double-blinded octreotide LAR at 10, 20 and 30 mg every 4 weeks with open-label subcutaneous octreotide every 8 hours in carcinoid syndrome; 79 patients constituted the efficacy-assessable population PMID DOI
Octreotide Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group 2009 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in 85 treatment-naive patients with metastatic well-differentiated midgut neuroendocrine tumours; octreotide LAR 30 mg intramuscularly every 28 days versus placebo PMID DOI Trial
Octreotide Comparison of octreotide acetate LAR and lanreotide SR in patients with acromegaly 2000 Multicentre switch study in 125 patients with acromegaly at 26 centres in France, Spain and Germany, all previously on lanreotide SR 30 mg every 10 or 14 days, switched to octreotide LAR 20 mg monthly; the timing of the switch, not the drug, was randomised 3:1, with 27 patients continuing lanreotide SR for the first three months PMID DOI
Octreotide Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices 2008 Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 randomised trials including 2,588 patients with acute or recent bleeding from oesophageal varices, comparing somatostatin or its analogues with placebo or no treatment PMID DOI
Orexin A Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior 1998 Orphan GPCR deorphanisation, peptide isolation, receptor cloning and pharmacological characterisation, with in vivo feeding studies Preclinical only PMID DOI
Orexin A The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity 1998 Directional tag PCR subtraction to identify hypothalamus-specific transcripts, followed by electrophysiology in cultured neurons Preclinical only PMID DOI
Orexin A Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1) 2008 Olfactory testing in 10 narcolepsy-with-cataplexy patients versus 10 matched healthy controls, followed by a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover of intranasal orexin A in seven of the patients with 2-phenyl-ethyl alcohol single-staircase odour detection thresholds Limited evidence PMID DOI
Orexin A Effects of intranasal hypocretin-1 (orexin A) on sleep in narcolepsy with cataplexy 2011 Double-blind, random-order crossover, placebo-controlled, within-subject; n=8 patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy; 435 nmol intranasal human recombinant hypocretin-1 before night sleep followed by standard polysomnography Limited evidence PMID DOI
Orexin A Orexin 2 receptor-selective agonist danavorexton improves narcolepsy phenotype in a mouse model and in human patients 2022 Orexin/ataxin-3 narcolepsy mouse work plus single- and multiple-rising-dose studies of intravenous danavorexton in healthy adults and in individuals with narcolepsy type 1 and type 2 Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Orexin B Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior 1998 Peptide isolation, receptor cloning and binding pharmacology, with in vivo feeding studies Preclinical only PMID DOI
Orexin B The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity 1998 Transcript subtraction to identify hypothalamus-specific peptides, followed by electrophysiology in cultured neurons Preclinical only PMID DOI
Orexin B Structure and ligand-binding mechanism of the human OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors 2016 X-ray crystallography of human OX1R bound to the OX1R-selective antagonist SB-674042 and to the dual antagonist suvorexant, at 2.8 and 2.75 angstrom resolution, plus molecular modelling of OX2R selectivity Preclinical only PMID DOI
Orexin B OX2R-selective orexin agonism is sufficient to ameliorate cataplexy and sleep/wake fragmentation without inducing drug-seeking behavior in mouse model of narcolepsy 2022 Orexin knockout mouse model; intracerebroventricular administration of the peptidic OX2R-selective agonist [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B versus orexin-A, with polysomnographic and behavioural endpoints Preclinical only PMID DOI
Orexin B Orexin 2 receptor-selective agonist danavorexton improves narcolepsy phenotype in a mouse model and in human patients 2022 Narcolepsy mouse model plus single- and multiple-rising-dose intravenous studies in healthy adults and in patients with narcolepsy types 1 and 2 Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Ovagen Tripeptides slow down aging process in renal cell culture 2014 In vitro, young and aged renal cell culture, with in silico DNA-binding modelling; Russian language Preclinical only PMID
Ovagen Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects 2004 Ex vivo lymphocyte chromatin analysis from elderly donors Preclinical only PMID DOI
Oxytocin Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage 2019 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis; 24 trials identified, 23 contributing data on 10,018 women High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Oxytocin Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder 2021 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial (SOARS-B); 290 children and adolescents aged 3-17 randomised, 250 completed; target dose 48 IU daily High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Oxytocin Effect of intranasal oxytocin on the core social symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial 2020 Multicentre randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial in Japan; 106 adults aged 18-48 with autism spectrum disorder, 103 analysed; 48 IU daily for six weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Oxytocin Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions 2016 Critical narrative review of the pharmacological basis of intranasal oxytocin research - not primary data Limited evidence PMID DOI
P021 Neurotrophic peptides incorporating adamantane improve learning and memory, promote neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice 2010 Adult C57Bl/6 mice, peripheral administration, behavioural testing with neurogenesis readouts Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Disease modifying effect of chronic oral treatment with a neurotrophic peptidergic compound in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease 2014 Chronic oral treatment in 3xTg-AD triple transgenic mice Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Rescue of cognitive-aging by administration of a neurogenic and/or neurotrophic compound 2014 Aged rodent model of cognitive ageing Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Elevated Tau Level in Aged Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid Reduced by Treatment with a Neurotrophic Compound 2015 Aged rats with CSF tau measurement Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Prevention of dendritic and synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment with a neurotrophic compound 2017 Transgenic mouse model, prevention paradigm Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Early neurotrophic pharmacotherapy rescues developmental delay and Alzheimer's-like memory deficits in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome 2017 Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome, early treatment paradigm Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Prenatal to early postnatal neurotrophic treatment prevents Alzheimer-like behavior and pathology in mice 2020 Transgenic mouse model with prenatal to early postnatal dosing Preclinical only PMID DOI
P021 Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics mediated neuroregeneration and synaptic repair: emerging therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease 2016 Review of neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics Preclinical only PMID DOI
palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 Elastin binds to a multifunctional 67-kilodalton peripheral membrane protein 1989 Biochemical characterisation of receptor binding PMID
palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 Peptide sequences selected by BA4, a tropoelastin-specific monoclonal antibody, are ligands for the 67-kilodalton bovine elastin receptor 1993 Peptide selection and receptor binding assay PMID
palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 Conformational dependence of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) up-regulation by elastin peptides in cultured fibroblasts 2001 In vitro, cultured human fibroblasts PMID
palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 Interaction between the elastin peptide VGVAPG and human elastin binding protein 2013 Binding and structural analysis PMID
palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 The elastin peptide (VGVAPG)3 induces the 3D reorganisation of PML-NBs and SC35 speckles architecture, and accelerates proliferation of fibroblasts and melanoma cells 2015 In vitro, human fibroblasts and melanoma cells Preclinical only PMID
palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 Noninvasive Monitoring of Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 in Human Skin Layers: Mechanical Interaction with Skin Components and Its Potential Skincare Benefits 2025 Label-free analytical study (orbital trapping secondary ion mass spectrometry, stimulated Raman scattering, high-throughput mechanical characterisation) on full-thickness human skin, plus in vitro tests and ex vivo histology Preclinical only PMID DOI
Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 A pentapeptide from type I procollagen promotes extracellular matrix production 1993 In vitro; dissection of the type I collagen C-terminal propeptide subfragment (residues 197-241) in subconfluent fibroblasts and other mesenchymal cells Preclinical only PMID
Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin 2005 Double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face, left-right randomised; n=93 Caucasian women aged 35-55; 12 weeks; moisturiser containing 3 ppm pal-KTTKS versus the same moisturiser alone Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 Double-blind, Randomized Trial on the Effectiveness of Acetylhexapeptide-3 Cream and Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 Cream for Crow's Feet 2023 Double-blind randomised trial, three parallel arms of 7 subjects each (n=21 Indonesian women aged 26-55), 8 weeks, twice-daily periorbital application Limited evidence PMID
palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 Rigin, another phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide isolated from human IgG. Confirmations of a hypothesis 1981 Peptide isolation and in vitro phagocytosis assay PMID
palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 Characterization of a novel type VII beta-turn conformation for a bio-active tetrapeptide rigin. A synergy between theoretical and experimental results 2000 NMR and computational conformational analysis PMID
palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 Immunomodulatory potential of hydrophobic analogs of Rigin and their role in providing protection against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice 2001 In vivo murine immunomodulation and infection challenge Preclinical only PMID
palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 Folded conformation of an immunostimulating tetrapeptide rigin: high temperature molecular dynamics simulation study 2002 Molecular dynamics simulation PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Structure of the Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine--copper(II) complex in solution 1982 Physicochemical study (EPR, ENDOR, spectroscopy) of copper co-ordination PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ 1992 In vitro, cultured fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures 2000 In vitro, human dermal fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Collagen stimulating effect of peptide amphiphile C16-KTTKS on human fibroblasts 2013 In vitro biophysics plus fibroblast culture Preclinical only PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Targeting Circadian Rhythm for the Regulation of Skin Collagen Metabolism 2026 Circadian-synchronised fibroblast model and 8-week murine topical study, plus a 30-participant clinical study of a timed two-ingredient regimen PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data 2018 Narrative review PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective 2025 Narrative review of topical GHK formulation and delivery Preclinical only PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Biological activities of selected peptides: skin penetration ability of copper complexes with peptides 2008 In vitro skin penetration comparison of peptide-copper complexes Preclinical only PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Human skin retention and penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as function of skin layer towards anti-inflammatory therapy 2010 In vitro human skin, penetration by layer Preclinical only PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-1 Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application 2023 Formulation and in vitro characterisation of liposomal GHK-Cu Preclinical only PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-5 Efficacy of bioactive peptides loaded on hyaluronic acid microneedle patches: A monocentric clinical study 2020 12-week uncontrolled monocentric clinical study of hyaluronic acid microneedle patches containing five actives including palmitoyl tripeptide-5 PMID DOI
palmitoyl tripeptide-5 Usage of Synthetic Peptides in Cosmetics for Sensitive Skin 2021 Narrative review of cosmetic peptide ingredients PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-5 The type 1 repeats of thrombospondin 1 activate latent transforming growth factor-beta 1994 In vitro biochemistry and cell culture PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-5 Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta activation by discrete sequences of thrombospondin 1 1995 Peptide mapping and activation assays PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-5 The activation sequence of thrombospondin-1 interacts with the latency-associated peptide to regulate activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta 1999 Direct binding and functional activation studies PMID
palmitoyl tripeptide-5 Expression of the type-1 repeats of thrombospondin-1 inhibits tumor growth through activation of transforming growth factor-beta 2004 In vivo murine tumour model Preclinical only PMID
Pancragen Prospects of using pancragen for correction of metabolic disorders in elderly people 2011 Small non-randomised human study, 30 healthy older people and 33 older patients with type 2 diabetes, with an untreated diabetic comparison group Limited evidence PMID DOI
Pancragen Correction of impaired glucose tolerance using tetrapeptide (Pancragen) in old female rhesus monkeys 2015 Non-human primate, aged female rhesus monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance; Russian language Preclinical only PMID
Pancragen Impact of tetrapeptide pancragen on endocrine function of the pancreas in old monkeys 2014 Non-human primate, aged monkeys; Russian language Preclinical only PMID
Pancragen Effect of pancragen on blood glucose level, capillary permeability and adhesion in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus 2007 Rat model of experimental diabetes mellitus Preclinical only PMID DOI
Pancragen Effects of pancragen on the differentiation of pancreatic cells during their ageing 2013 In vitro, ageing pancreatic cell culture Preclinical only PMID DOI
Pancragen Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters 2023 In silico molecular modelling and docking against LAT1, LAT2 and PEPT1 transporters Preclinical only PMID DOI
Parathyroid hormone (1-84) Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial 2007 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; n=2,532 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis; 18 months. Published as 146(5):326-39. PMID DOI
Parathyroid hormone (1-84) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) in hypoparathyroidism (REPLACE): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 study 2013 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; 134 adults with chronic hypoparathyroidism across 33 centres; 24 weeks. Published as 1(4):275-283. PMID DOI
Parathyroid hormone (1-84) The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis 2003 Randomised trial of PTH(1-84), alendronate, or both; n=238 postmenopausal women; 12 months. Published as 349(13):1207-15. PMID DOI
Parathyroid hormone (1-84) Long-term safety and efficacy of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) in adults with chronic hypoparathyroidism 2023 Multicentre open-label extension study (RACE), up to 8 years of continuous treatment. Published as 7(5):bvad043. PMID DOI
Pasireotide A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease 2012 Randomised, double-blind phase 3 trial in 162 adults with Cushing's disease and urinary free cortisol at least 1.5 times the upper limit of normal; subcutaneous pasireotide 600 micrograms (n=82) or 900 micrograms (n=80) twice daily, with open-label continuation through month 12 PMID DOI Trial
Pasireotide Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study 2014 Prospective, randomised, double-blind superiority trial at 84 sites in 27 countries in 358 medically naive patients with acromegaly; pasireotide LAR 40 mg (n=176) versus octreotide LAR 20 mg (n=182) every 28 days for 12 months, with optional titration at months 3 and 7 PMID DOI
Pasireotide Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial 2014 Multicentre randomised phase 3 trial in 198 patients with acromegaly inadequately controlled after at least 6 months of octreotide LAR 30 mg or lanreotide 120 mg; pasireotide LAR 40 mg (n=65) or 60 mg (n=65) every 28 days for 24 weeks versus continued first-generation analogue (n=68). Patients and investigators were not masked to study drug assignment but were masked to pasireotide dose PMID DOI Trial
PE 22-28 Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity 2017 Structure-activity study of truncated spadin analogues: patch-clamp electrophysiology on hTREK-1/HEK cells plus mouse forced swimming and novelty-suppressed feeding paradigms Preclinical only PMID DOI
PE 22-28 Spadin, a sortilin-derived peptide, targeting rodent TREK-1 channels: a new concept in the antidepressant drug design 2010 Identification and characterisation of spadin with electrophysiology and mouse behavioural models Preclinical only PMID DOI
PE 22-28 First evidence of protective effects on stroke recovery and post-stroke depression induced by sortilin-derived peptides 2019 Mouse focal ischaemia and post-stroke depression model, with electrophysiology; a single low intraperitoneal dose of 0.03 µg/kg daily for 7 days post-ischaemia, then 3 µg/kg for 4 days a week thereafter Preclinical only PMID DOI
PE 22-28 Spadin as a new antidepressant: absence of TREK-1-related side effects 2012 Mouse studies examining side effects anticipated from TREK-1 blockade Preclinical only PMID DOI
PE 22-28 In vitro and in vivo regulation of synaptogenesis by the novel antidepressant spadin 2015 In vitro neuronal culture and in vivo mouse synaptogenesis study Preclinical only PMID DOI
PE 22-28 Fighting against depression with TREK-1 blockers: Past and future. A focus on spadin 2019 Review of TREK-1 blockade as an antidepressant strategy Preclinical only PMID DOI
PE 22-28 The Involvement of Sortilin/NTSR3 in Depression as the Progenitor of Spadin and Its Role in the Membrane Expression of TREK-1 2018 Review of sortilin biology and its relationship to TREK-1 membrane expression Preclinical only PMID DOI
PEG-MGF (pegylated mechano growth factor) Minireview: Mechano-growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration 2010 Critical review of the MGF literature Preclinical only PMID DOI
PEG-MGF (pegylated mechano growth factor) Insulin-like growth factor-I E-peptide activity is dependent on the IGF-I receptor 2012 Receptor-dependence experiments in cultured muscle cells Preclinical only PMID DOI
PEG-MGF (pegylated mechano growth factor) Mass spectrometric characterization of a biotechnologically produced full-length mechano growth factor (MGF) relevant for doping controls 2014 Analytical characterisation by mass spectrometry of commercially produced MGF Limited evidence PMID DOI
PEG-MGF (pegylated mechano growth factor) Detection and in vitro metabolism of the confiscated peptides BPC 157 and MGF R23H 2017 Analytical characterisation and in vitro metabolic stability of black-market peptides Limited evidence PMID DOI
PEG-MGF (pegylated mechano growth factor) The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration 2026 Narrative review of growth hormone and IGF-1 axis peptides used outside clinical supervision Limited evidence PMID DOI
pentapeptide-18 Enkephalin reduces quantal content at the frog neuromuscular junction 1983 Electrophysiology in isolated nerve-muscle preparation PMID
pentapeptide-18 Leu-enkephalin effects at the mouse neuromuscular junction 1990 Ex vivo mouse neuromuscular preparation Preclinical only PMID
pentapeptide-18 D-tyrosine adds an anti-melanogenic effect to cosmetic peptides 2020 In vitro, MNT-1 melanoma cells, primary human melanocytes and a 3D human skin model Preclinical only PMID DOI
pentapeptide-18 Pentapeptide-18 as an anti-aging candidate: Spectroscopic characterization and molecular interaction analysis 2026 FTIR, ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy with density functional theory, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and ADMET prediction Preclinical only PMID DOI
pentapeptide-18 Deletion of delta-opioid receptor in mice alters skin differentiation and delays wound healing 2006 Knockout mouse model Preclinical only PMID
pentapeptide-18 Peripheral Opioids 2014 Narrative review PMID
Peptide YY (PYY 3-36) Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake 2002 Rodent studies plus randomised, blinded crossover infusion in healthy human volunteers PMID
Peptide YY (PYY 3-36) Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36 2003 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover infusion study in obese and lean subjects PMID
Peptide YY (PYY 3-36) Physiology: does gut hormone PYY3-36 decrease food intake in rodents? 2004 Large multi-laboratory rodent replication attempt PMID
Peptide YY (PYY 3-36) Efficacy and safety of intranasal peptide YY3-36 for weight reduction in obese adults 2007 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2-week placebo run-in and 12 weeks of preprandial intranasal dosing in obese adults PMID
Pinealon Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes 2011 In vitro, cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils and PC12 cells under receptor-dependent and receptor-independent oxidative stress Preclinical only PMID DOI
Pinealon Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia 2012 Rodent, prenatal hyperhomocysteinaemia model Preclinical only PMID
Pinealon EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease 2020 Review with in vitro gene expression analysis Preclinical only PMID DOI
Pinealon Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA 2011 In vitro, fluorescence microscopy and oligonucleotide fluorescence-quenching assays Preclinical only PMID DOI
Pinealon Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters 2023 In silico molecular modelling and docking of 26 ultrashort peptides against LAT1, LAT2 and PEPT1 transporters, benchmarked against all 8400 possible di- and tripeptides Preclinical only PMID DOI
Pinealon Neuroprotective effects of peptide bioregulators in people of various age 2013 Small uncontrolled human observation, Russian language Limited evidence PMID
Plecanatide A randomized phase III clinical trial of plecanatide, a uroguanylin analog, in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation 2017 Phase 3 multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 1,394 patients, 12 weeks PMID
Plecanatide Randomized clinical trial: efficacy and safety of plecanatide in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation 2017 Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 1,337 patients (3 mg n=443, 6 mg n=449, placebo n=445), 12 weeks PMID
Plecanatide Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of plecanatide in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: results of two phase 3 randomized clinical trials 2018 Two identical phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, 2,189 randomised (1,879 completed), 12 weeks, Rome III criteria PMID
PNC-27 Anticancer peptide PNC-27 adopts an HDM-2-binding conformation and kills cancer cells by binding to HDM-2 in their membranes 2010 Structural comparison plus cell-based colocalisation and transfection experiments in cancer and untransformed cell lines Preclinical only PMID DOI
PNC-27 PNC-28, a p53-derived peptide that is cytotoxic to cancer cells, blocks pancreatic cancer cell growth in vivo 2006 In vitro cytotoxicity plus in vivo xenograft model of pancreatic cancer Preclinical only PMID DOI
PNC-27 The penetratin sequence in the anticancer PNC-28 peptide causes tumor cell necrosis rather than apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells 2008 In vitro mechanistic study in human pancreatic cancer cell lines Preclinical only PMID DOI
PNC-27 The anti-cancer peptide, PNC-27, induces tumor cell necrosis of a poorly differentiated non-solid tissue human leukemia cell line that depends on expression of HDM-2 in the plasma membrane of these cells 2014 In vitro study in p53-null K562 human leukaemia cells with murine leukocytes as non-cancer control; LDH release for necrosis, caspase 3/7 for apoptosis, antibody colocalisation microscopy Preclinical only PMID
PNC-27 PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis 2022 Conformational energy calculations plus immuno-scanning electron microscopy of PNC-27-treated cancer cells using 6 nm gold anti-PNC-27 and 15 nm gold anti-HDM-2 antibodies, with untransformed fibroblast controls Preclinical only PMID DOI
PNC-27 Anti-Cancer Peptide PNC-27 Kills Cancer Cells by Unique Interactions with Plasma Membrane-Bound hdm-2 and with Mitochondrial Membranes Causing Mitochondrial Disruption 2024 In vitro study in MIA-PaCa-2 human pancreatic carcinoma cells using an antibody-blocking experiment, mitotracker and lysotracker dyes, and immuno-electron microscopy Preclinical only PMID
Polymyxin B Polymyxin B versus colistin: an update 2015 Comparative narrative review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome data PMID DOI
Polymyxin B Uptake of polymyxin B into renal cells 2014 Cell-based mechanistic study of renal tubular transport (Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58(7):4200-2) PMID DOI
Polymyxin B Potent activity of polymyxin B is associated with long-lived super-stoichiometric accumulation mediated by weak-affinity binding to lipid A 2024 Single-molecule biophysical and microbiological mechanistic study DOI
Polymyxin B Structure-activity relationships of polymyxin antibiotics 2010 Systematic structure-activity review of the polymyxin scaffold (J Med Chem 53(5):1898-1916) PMID DOI
Polymyxin B Effect of Targeted Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion on 28-Day Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock and Elevated Endotoxin Level: The EUPHRATES Randomized Clinical Trial 2018 Multicentre randomised sham-controlled trial of polymyxin B-immobilised haemoperfusion in septic shock with elevated endotoxin activity; 450 participants (JAMA 320(14):1455-1463) PMID DOI Trial
Pramlintide A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes 2002 52-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial with a one-year open-label extension; 480 adults with type 1 diabetes randomised, 342 completed 52 weeks, 236 entered the extension PMID DOI
Pramlintide Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial 2003 52-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 656 insulin-treated adults with type 2 diabetes PMID DOI
Pramlintide Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial 2004 52-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group multicentre trial, 651 adults with type 1 diabetes PMID DOI
Pramlintide Pramlintide improved glycemic control and reduced weight in patients with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin 2007 16-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 212 adults with type 2 diabetes using insulin glargine PMID DOI
Prostamax Deheterochromatinization of the chromatin in old age induced by oligopeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro) 2012 Ex vivo cytogenetic analysis of cells from donors aged 75-86 exposed to Prostamax; Russian language Preclinical only PMID
Prostamax The influence of the peptide bioregulator prostamax on heterochromatin of human lymphocytes in situ 2004 Differential scanning microcalorimetry of human lymphocyte chromatin in situ; Russian language Preclinical only PMID
Prostamax Microcalorimetric study of human blood lymphocytes culture at presence of copper, cadmium and prostamax 2009 Microcalorimetry of lymphocyte cultures from ageing donors with Prostamax and copper or cadmium ions Preclinical only PMID
Prostamax Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters 2023 In silico molecular modelling and docking against LAT1, LAT2 and PEPT1 transporters Preclinical only PMID DOI
Prostamax Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects 2004 Ex vivo lymphocyte chromatin analysis from elderly donors Preclinical only PMID DOI
Protirelin Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: effects of acute intravenous and chronic subcutaneous administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in controlled trials 1986 Double-blind crossover controlled trials of both acute intravenous and chronic subcutaneous TRH administration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis PMID DOI
Protirelin Low doses of TRH in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in other neurological diseases 1991 Uncontrolled study of chronic low-dose TRH therapy in 30 subjects: 23 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 4 with Charcot-Marie-Tooth atrophy, 2 with progressive spinal muscular atrophy and 1 with radiation myelopathy, assessed on the Norris scale PMID DOI
Protirelin Approved product labelling: protirelin (thyrotropin releasing hormone) injection 2009 Regulator-approved labelling summarising pharmacology, diagnostic performance and safety of intravenous protirelin none
PTD-DBM The Dishevelled-binding protein CXXC5 negatively regulates cutaneous wound healing 2015 CXXC5-knockout mice, mouse cutaneous wound models, human wound tissue and cell-based interaction studies Preclinical only PMID DOI
PTD-DBM Targeting of CXXC5 by a Competing Peptide Stimulates Hair Regrowth and Wound-Induced Hair Neogenesis 2017 CXXC5-knockout mice, mouse hair regrowth and wound-induced neogenesis models, human hair follicle dermal papilla cell culture, human balding scalp tissue Preclinical only PMID DOI
PTD-DBM CXXC5 Mediates DHT-Induced Androgenetic Alopecia via PGD2 2023 Cell and mouse models of dihydrotestosterone-driven follicular changes Preclinical only PMID DOI
PTD-DBM Adhesive Hydrogel Patch-Mediated Combination Drug Therapy Induces Regenerative Wound Healing through Reconstruction of Regenerative Microenvironment 2023 Mouse wound model with hydrogel patch delivery of combination therapy Preclinical only PMID DOI
Retatrutide Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial 2023 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial, n=338, 48 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Retatrutide Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA 2023 Randomised, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled (dulaglutide 1.5 mg) phase 2 trial, n=281, 36 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Retatrutide TRIUMPH-1 phase 3 trial of retatrutide in obesity (sponsor topline announcement) 2026 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=2,339 randomised 1:1:1:1 to 4 mg, 9 mg, 12 mg or placebo, 80 weeks with an extension to 104 weeks Limited evidence none
romidepsin Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 2009 Open-label single-arm phase 2, 71 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma PMID DOI
romidepsin Final results from a multicenter, international, pivotal study of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 2010 Open-label single-arm international pivotal phase 2, 96 patients with refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma PMID DOI
romidepsin Results from a pivotal, open-label, phase II study of romidepsin in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma after prior systemic therapy 2012 Open-label single-arm pivotal phase 2, 130 patients with relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma PMID DOI
romidepsin Romidepsin plus CHOP versus CHOP in patients with previously untreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results of the Ro-CHOP phase III study (conducted by LYSA) 2022 Randomised open-label phase 3, 421 patients with previously untreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma PMID DOI
romidepsin Romidepsin plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in patients with previously untreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma: final analysis of the Ro-CHOP trial 2024 Final long-term analysis of the Ro-CHOP randomised phase 3 trial PMID DOI
Salmon calcitonin A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures study 2000 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; n=1,255 postmenopausal women; 5 years; three nasal doses. Published as 109(4):267-76. PMID DOI
Salmon calcitonin Article 31 referral: calcitonin-containing medicines, CHMP outcome 2012 Regulatory benefit-risk review pooling randomised controlled trials, post-marketing safety data and non-clinical carcinogenicity evidence across all calcitonin formulations. Procedure initiated 2010; CHMP opinion 19 July 2012; European Commission decision 13 February 2013. none
Salmon calcitonin Calcitonin for treating acute and chronic pain of recent and remote osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2012 Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of calcitonin for vertebral fracture pain. Published as 23(1):17-38. PMID DOI
Salmon calcitonin Treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis with oral salmon calcitonin: results from two phase 3 trials 2015 Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials of oral salmon calcitonin in knee osteoarthritis; 24 months. Published as 23(4):532-43. PMID DOI
Secretin Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder 1999 Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial of a single intravenous dose of synthetic human secretin versus placebo in 60 children aged 3 to 14 years with autism or pervasive developmental disorder; 56 children (28 per group) completed the four-week follow-up PMID DOI
Secretin Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) 2012 Systematic review of randomised placebo-controlled trials of single or multiple intravenous secretin doses in autism spectrum disorders; 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, with usable outcome data available from 14 of them PMID DOI
Secretin An endoscopic pancreatic function test with synthetic porcine secretin for the evaluation of chronic abdominal pain and suspected chronic pancreatitis 2003 Small prospective study of an endoscopic secretin-stimulated pancreatic function test in 18 patients across three groups: 5 with chronic abdominal pain without risk factors, 7 with pain plus risk factors for chronic pancreatitis, and 6 with advanced chronic pancreatitis PMID DOI
Secretin Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreas divisum: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2014 Systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 1,474 patients evaluating magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, with and without secretin enhancement, against reference standards for pancreas divisum PMID DOI
Selank Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia 2008 Active-comparator clinical study, n=62 (Selank 30, medazepam 32), Hamilton, Zung and CGI psychometric scales plus serum enkephalin activity; no placebo arm; Russian-language Limited evidence PMID
Selank A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders 2014 Comparative clinical study versus the benzodiazepine phenazepam in 60 patients with phobic-anxiety and somatoform disorders (ICD-10 F40.2-9, F41.1-9, F45.0-1); Russian-language Limited evidence PMID
Selank The inhibitory effect of Selank on enkephalin-degrading enzymes as a possible mechanism of its anxiolytic activity 2001 Enzyme activity study Preclinical only PMID DOI
Selank Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission 2016 Gene expression analysis in rat brain following Selank administration Preclinical only PMID DOI
Selank Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats 2017 Rat unpredictable chronic mild stress model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Selank Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats 2022 Rat morphine withdrawal model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Selank Effects of Selank on behavioral reactions and activities of plasma enkephalin-degrading enzymes in mice 2002 Mouse behavioural pharmacology with plasma enzyme assays Preclinical only PMID DOI
Semaglutide Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 2016 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trial, n=3,297, median 2.1 years High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Semaglutide Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity 2021 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=1,961, 68 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Semaglutide Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes 2023 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trial, n=17,604, mean follow-up approximately 40 months High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Semaglutide Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 2024 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled outcome trial, n=3,533 High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Semaglutide Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis 2025 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; planned interim histology analysis of the first 800 of 1,197 randomised participants at 72 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Semaglutide Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial 2023 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=709, 68 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Semax Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain 2006 In vitro radioligand binding and in vivo protein quantification, rat basal forebrain Preclinical only PMID DOI
Semax The heptapeptide SEMAX stimulates BDNF expression in different areas of the rat brain in vivo 2003 In vivo rodent study of regional BDNF expression Preclinical only PMID DOI
Semax Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents 2005 Rodent neurochemistry, monoamine turnover Preclinical only PMID DOI
Semax The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis 2014 Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis, rat focal cerebral ischaemia model Preclinical only PMID DOI
Semax Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study) 1997 Non-randomised controlled clinical and electrophysiological study: 30 patients given Semax added to standard intensive therapy versus a separate control group of 80 patients on conventional therapy alone; no placebo and no blinding described. Daily doses were 12 mg in moderate strokes and 18 mg in severe strokes, over 5- and 10-day courses. Russian-language report. Limited evidence PMID
Semax Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug semax in optic nerve disease 2000 Open clinical study in vascular, toxic-allergic and inflammatory optic nerve disease and partial optic atrophy; patients divided into three groups (intranasal drops, endonasal electrophoresis, and control) with Semax given alongside standard neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory therapy. Sample size not stated in the abstract. Russian-language report. Limited evidence PMID
Semax Kinetics of Semax penetration into the brain and blood of rats after its intranasal administration 2006 Pharmacokinetic study of labelled Semax in rats after intranasal administration Preclinical only PMID DOI
Semax N-terminal degradation of ACTH(4-10) and its synthetic analog semax by the rat blood enzymes 1991 In vitro enzymatic degradation study in rat blood Preclinical only PMID DOI
Serelaxin Relaxin for the treatment of patients with acute heart failure (Pre-RELAX-AHF): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-finding phase IIb study 2009 Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled dose-finding phase 2b trial in acute heart failure PMID
Serelaxin Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial 2013 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, 1161 patients hospitalised with acute heart failure, 48-hour infusion PMID
Serelaxin Effects of Serelaxin in Patients with Acute Heart Failure 2019 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (RELAX-AHF-2), 6545 patients, 48-hour serelaxin infusion versus placebo PMID
Serelaxin Effects of serelaxin in patients admitted for acute heart failure: a meta-analysis 2020 Meta-analysis pooling randomised serelaxin trials in acute heart failure PMID
Sermorelin Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy 1996 Multicentre, open-label, uncontrolled study; 110 previously untreated prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency enrolled, 86 eligible for analysis; GHRH(1-29) 30 micrograms/kg/day subcutaneously at bedtime for up to 12 months Limited evidence PMID DOI
Sermorelin Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency 1999 Narrative review of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical data; not a primary study Limited evidence PMID DOI
Sermorelin Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men 1997 Open-label, uncontrolled study; 11 healthy non-obese men aged 64-76 with low baseline IGF-1; GHRH(1-29) 2 mg nightly by subcutaneous self-injection for 6 weeks Limited evidence PMID DOI
Sermorelin Determination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection, 0.5 Milligrams Base/Vial and 1.0 Milligrams Base/Vial, and GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection, 0.05 Milligrams Base/Amp, Were Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness 2013 Regulatory determination published 4 March 2013; not a clinical study Limited evidence none
Setmelanotide MC4R agonism promotes durable weight loss in patients with leptin receptor deficiency 2018 Small open-label proof-of-concept study in patients with leptin receptor deficiency PMID
Setmelanotide Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trials 2020 Two parallel single-arm, open-label, multicentre phase 3 trials across ten hospitals in seven countries; 10 participants with POMC deficiency and 11 with LEPR deficiency, aged 6 years and over. No control group. PMID
Setmelanotide Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an open-label period 2022 Multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial with a 14-week blinded period followed by a 52-week open-label period, across 12 sites in five countries; 38 patients randomised 19:19, comprising 16 with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and 3 with Alström syndrome per group PMID
Somatostatin Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone 1973 Isolation, sequencing and synthetic replication of a hypothalamic peptide from ovine tissue, with bioassay in pituitary cell culture and in living rats PMID DOI
Somatostatin Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices 2008 Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 randomised trials in 2,588 patients comparing somatostatin or its analogues with placebo or no treatment in acute or recent bleeding from oesophageal varices PMID DOI
Somatostatin Vasoactive Agents for the Management of Acute Variceal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 2021 Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 randomised controlled trials comparing terlipressin and vasopressin with octreotide and somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding, with GRADE assessment of certainty PMID DOI
Somatostatin Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group 2009 Phase 3 randomised placebo-controlled trial of the analogue octreotide LAR, not native somatostatin, in 85 patients with metastatic midgut neuroendocrine tumours PMID DOI Trial
Substance P Isolation of a sialogogic peptide from bovine hypothalamic tissue and its characterization as substance P 1970 Peptide isolation and structural characterisation PMID
Substance P Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors 1998 Preclinical work plus a randomised placebo- and paroxetine-controlled clinical trial PMID
Substance P The oral neurokinin-1 antagonist aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin 2003 Multinational phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial PMID
Substance P Lack of efficacy of the substance P (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder 2006 Report of five randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trials PMID
Survodutide BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy 2022 Preclinical pharmacology: in vitro receptor characterisation and rodent obesity models Preclinical only PMID DOI
Survodutide Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial 2024 46-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial across 43 centres in 12 countries; 387 adults randomised with BMI at least 27 and without diabetes, 386 treated PMID DOI Trial
Survodutide A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis 2024 48-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial, 293 adults with biopsy-confirmed steatohepatitis and stage F1-F3 fibrosis, survodutide 2.4, 4.8 or 6.0 mg weekly versus placebo PMID DOI Trial
Survodutide Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity 2026 76-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, 725 adults with obesity (survodutide 3.6 mg n=241, 6.0 mg n=242, placebo n=242); mean baseline BMI 37.9, mean weight 108.8 kg PMID Trial
Survodutide Survodutide in adults with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial 2026 48-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial with imaging endpoints in adults with obesity and steatotic liver disease PMID
Tabimorelin Oral administration of the growth hormone secretagogue NN703 in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency 2003 Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 97 adults with growth hormone deficiency (83 receiving NN703, 14 placebo); first and last doses of 3 mg/kg with 1.5 mg/kg daily on the six intervening days, giving one week of treatment, followed by a GHRH test three weeks later PMID DOI
Tabimorelin The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of a single dose of NN703, a novel orally active growth hormone secretagogue in healthy male volunteers 2000 Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study in healthy male volunteers across eight dose levels from 0.05 to 12 mg/kg body weight PMID DOI
Tabimorelin A clinical study investigating the pharmacokinetic interaction between NN703 (tabimorelin), a growth hormone secretagogue, and midazolam, a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate 2003 Open interaction study in 17 adult male subjects, each given oral midazolam 7.5 mg on four occasions: at baseline, after a single dose of NN703, after seven days of once-daily NN703, and after a washout period PMID DOI
Teduglutide Randomised placebo-controlled trial of teduglutide in reducing parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluid requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome 2011 Phase 3 multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 83 patients (35 on 0.05 mg/kg/day, 32 on 0.10 mg/kg/day, 16 placebo), 24 weeks PMID
Teduglutide Teduglutide reduces need for parenteral support among patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure 2012 Phase 3 (STEPS) randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 86 patients (43 per arm), 24 weeks PMID DOI Trial
Teduglutide Safety and efficacy of teduglutide after 52 weeks of treatment in patients with short bowel intestinal failure 2013 52-week open-label extension of the phase 3 programme PMID
Teduglutide Long-term teduglutide for the treatment of patients with intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome 2016 STEPS-2: 2-year open-label extension of the pivotal STEPS trial, 88 patients enrolled, 65 completed, treatment up to 30 months PMID
Teduglutide Teduglutide for the treatment of adults with intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome: pooled safety data from four clinical trials 2020 Pooled safety analysis across four clinical trials PMID DOI
Teriparatide Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis 2001 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; n=1,637 postmenopausal women with prevalent vertebral fracture; median 21 months. Published as 344(19):1434-41. PMID DOI
Teriparatide Effects of teriparatide and risedronate on new fractures in post-menopausal women with severe osteoporosis (VERO): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial 2018 Multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled randomised trial; n=1,360 postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis; 24 months. Published as 391(10117):230-240. PMID DOI
Teriparatide Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis 2007 Randomised, double-blind, active-controlled trial; n=428 adults on long-term glucocorticoids; 18 months. Published as 357(20):2028-39. PMID DOI
Teriparatide Teriparatide and osteosarcoma risk: history, science, elimination of boxed warning, and other label updates 2022 Narrative and regulatory review of long-term pharmacovigilance, including linkage of pharmacy claims to state cancer registries. Published as 6(9):e10665. PMID DOI
Teriparatide Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial 2016 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label teriparatide comparator arm; n=2,463 postmenopausal women; 18 months. Published as 316(7):722-33. PMID DOI Trial
Tesamorelin Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV 2007 Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=412, 26 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Tesamorelin Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data 2010 Pooled analysis of two phase 3 RCTs, n=816, with safety extension to 52 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Tesamorelin Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial 2019 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial, n=61, 12 months blinded plus open-label extension Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Tesamorelin Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial 2012 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 152 adults enrolled (66 with mild cognitive impairment), 137 completed (76 healthy, 61 with MCI); tesamorelin 1 mg/day subcutaneously for 20 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Testagen Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA 2011 In vitro, fluorescence microscopy and oligonucleotide binding, panel of short peptides including KEDG Preclinical only PMID DOI
Testagen The Inhibitory Effect and Adsorption Properties of Testagen Peptide on Copper Surfaces in Saline Environments 2025 Materials chemistry, electrochemical corrosion inhibition assays on copper Preclinical only PMID DOI
tetrapeptide-21 Bioactive tetrapeptide GEKG boosts extracellular matrix formation: in vitro and in vivo molecular and clinical proof 2011 In vitro human dermal fibroblast work plus a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study in 10 volunteers (mean age 48.2) and a separate 30-volunteer three-dimensional fringe projection assessment PMID DOI
tetrapeptide-21 Dermal peptide delivery using enhancer molecules and colloidal carrier systems. Part III: Tetrapeptide GEKG 2018 In vitro and ex vivo skin permeation study Preclinical only PMID
tetrapeptide-21 Elastin-derived peptide hydrogels for sustained dermal delivery of tetrapeptide-21 2026 Formulation and in vitro release/permeation study Preclinical only PMID
tetrapeptide-21 Synergistic Effects of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Bioactive Peptides on Dermal Fibroblast Viability and Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression: An In Vitro Study 2025 In vitro, human dermal fibroblasts Preclinical only PMID
Thymalin Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life 2003 Long-term follow-up of 266 elderly participants receiving thymalin, epithalamin or both over 6-8 years; randomisation, blinding and allocation concealment not reported to appraisable standard; volume 24(3-4):233-240 Limited evidence PMID
Thymalin [Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin] 2002 Russian-language report on the same cohort of 266 elderly participants followed 6-8 years; volume 10:74-84 Limited evidence PMID
Thymalin [Morphological compound and indicators of the blood clotting system in severe COVID-19 patients of middle aged and elderly during treatment of Tocilizumab and Thymalin] 2022 Retrospective, non-randomised comparison of three groups (standard care, tocilizumab, thymalin) in severe COVID-19; volume 35(3):368-374 Limited evidence PMID
Thymalin Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells 2020 In vitro study of human haematopoietic stem cell differentiation; volume 170(1):118-122 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Thymalin The Use of Thymalin for Immunocorrection and Molecular Aspects of Biological Activity 2021 Narrative review by the developing group; states thymalin's active short-peptide constituents as EW (thymogen), KE (vilon) and EDP (crystagen); volume 11(4):377-382 Limited evidence DOI
Thymogen (L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan) [Application thymogen for preoperative preparation of elderly patients with tumor processes in abdominal cavity] 2011 Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of preoperative intranasal thymogen for seven days before surgery in elderly patients with abdominal solid tumours; sample size not stated in the accessible abstract; volume 24(2):278-284 Limited evidence PMID
Thymogen (L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan) Attenuation of radiation- and chemoradiation-induced mucositis using gamma-D-glutamyl-L-tryptophan (SCV-07) 2010 Animal study in golden Syrian hamsters; acute radiation, fractionated radiation, and radiation-plus-cisplatin models; volume 16(7):655-660 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Thymogen (L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan) Personalized medicine for mucositis: Bayesian networks identify unique gene clusters which predict the response to gamma-D-glutamyl-L-tryptophan (SCV-07) for the attenuation of chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis 2011 Bayesian network analysis of microarray gene expression from blood samples of 28 head and neck cancer patients within an SCV-07 clinical trial population; volume 47(10):951-955 Limited evidence PMID DOI
Thymogen (L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan) The effect of thymogen on the state of immunity in destructive pulmonary tuberculosis 1999 Russian-language clinical assessment of immune parameters in patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis; volume 320(10):65-67, 96 Limited evidence PMID
Thymogen (L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan) Thymogen in the treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus 1996 Russian-language clinical assessment of secondary immunodeficiency correction in patients with type 1 diabetes; volume 68(10):12-14 Limited evidence PMID
Thymosin alpha-1 The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial 2025 Multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, 22 centres in China, enrolling September 2016 to December 2020; n=1106 randomised (552 thymosin α1, 554 placebo); subcutaneous injection every 12 hours for seven days High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Thymosin alpha-1 The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial 2013 Multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial, six tertiary teaching hospitals in China; n=361 (181 thymosin α1, 180 control); volume 17(1):R8 Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Thymosin alpha-1 Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials 2025 Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomised controlled trials, 1927 patients (967 treatment, 960 control), with subgroup and trial sequential analysis Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Thymosin alpha-1 Thymosin alpha1 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study 1999 Phase 3 multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in HBeAg-positive, HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B; n=97 (49 thymosin α1 1.6 mg twice weekly for six months, 48 placebo), with six months' further follow-up; volume 6(5):397-403 High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Thymosin alpha-1 The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression 2023 Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of 8 studies searched to March 2023, predominantly retrospective/observational rather than randomised; volume 31(6):3317-3325 Limited evidence PMID DOI
Thymosin alpha-1 Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis 2008 Meta-analysis of four randomised controlled trials, 199 patients with chronic hepatitis B; thymosin α1 1.6 mg twice weekly versus interferon alfa 5 MU three times weekly over six months; volume 77(2):136-141 Limited evidence PMID DOI
Thymosin beta-4 The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers 2010 Phase 2 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation, 73 patients randomised across eight European sites (five Italy, three Poland) Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Thymosin beta-4 Thymosin beta4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial 2015 Multicentre randomised double-masked placebo-controlled Phase 2 at two US sites, 56 days with 28-day follow-up, n=9 (12 treated eyes vs 6 control eyes) Limited evidence PMID DOI Trial
Thymosin beta-4 Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3 2019 Phase 3 randomised placebo-controlled, registered enrolment 700, start 24 May 2019, status completed Mixed evidence Trial
Thymosin beta-4 Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences 2010 In vitro and in vivo mapping of thymosin beta-4 fragments including the actin-binding heptapeptide Preclinical only PMID DOI
Thymosin beta-4 The beta-thymosin/WH2 domain; structural basis for the switch from inhibition to promotion of actin assembly 2004 Structural and biochemical characterisation of the beta-thymosin/WH2 actin-binding module Preclinical only PMID DOI
Thymosin beta-4 Thymosin beta-4 is essential for coronary vessel development and promotes neovascularization via adult epicardium 2007 Mouse developmental and adult cardiac injury models Preclinical only PMID DOI
Tirzepatide Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 2021 Randomised, open-label, active-controlled phase 3 trial, n=1,879, 40 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Tirzepatide Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity 2022 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, n=2,539, 72 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI Trial
Tirzepatide Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity 2024 Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials, n=469 combined, 52 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Tirzepatide Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity 2025 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, n=731, median follow-up 104 weeks High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Tirzepatide SURMOUNT-5: tirzepatide versus semaglutide in adults with obesity (head-to-head randomised trial) 2025 Randomised, open-label, active-controlled phase 3b trial comparing maximum tolerated tirzepatide against semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly over 72 weeks High-quality evidence none
Tirzepatide SURPASS-CVOT: cardiovascular outcomes with tirzepatide versus dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes 2025 Randomised, double-blind, ACTIVE-COMPARATOR (dulaglutide) cardiovascular outcome trial in type 2 diabetes with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Mixed evidence none
Triptorelin Comparative efficacy of triptorelin pamoate and leuprolide acetate in men with advanced prostate cancer 2003 Randomised, multicentre, active-comparator trial, n=284 (140 triptorelin 3.75 mg, 144 leuprolide 7.5 mg intramuscularly every 28 days for nine injections) High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Triptorelin Efficacy and safety of triptorelin 6-month formulation in patients with central precocious puberty 2016 International, non-comparative, single-arm phase 3 trial across 18 centres in the US, Chile and Mexico; n=44 treatment-naive children (39 girls, 5 boys), 48 weeks Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Triptorelin Efficacy of Testosterone Suppression with Sustained-Release Triptorelin in Advanced Prostate Cancer 2017 Pooled retrospective analysis of 920 patients across nine studies of 1-, 3- and 6-month sustained-release triptorelin formulations Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Triptorelin Pharmacokinetics of triptorelin after intravenous bolus administration in healthy males and in males with renal or hepatic insufficiency 1997 Pharmacokinetic study of a single 0.5 mg intravenous bolus across four groups: healthy men and men with varying degrees of renal or hepatic impairment Mixed evidence PMID DOI
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial 2023 Randomised, placebo-controlled factorial platform trial, 28 US sites, 473 participants enrolled April 2021 to May 2022; adults with COVID-19-associated acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure; six-category ordinal outcome at day 90; volume 11(9):791-803 High-quality evidence PMID DOI
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial 2022 Randomised controlled trial, 196 patients across ten US hospitals, randomised 2:1 to three days of IV aviptadil or placebo; volume 50(11):1545-1554 Mixed evidence PMID DOI Trial
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Vasoactive intestinal peptide in man: pharmacokinetics, metabolic and circulatory effects 1978 Human study of graded intravenous VIP infusion in healthy volunteers, with plasma VIP measurement and assessment of metabolic and circulatory effects; volume 19(11):1049-1053 Limited evidence PMID DOI
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) VIP Regulates the Development & Proliferation of Treg in vivo in spleen 2011 In vivo mouse study using VIP gene-knockout animals, examining regulatory T cell development and proliferation in thymus and spleen; volume 7, article 19 Preclinical only PMID DOI
Vesugen Epigenetic aspects of peptidergic regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation during aging 2014 In vitro, vascular endothelial cell culture during replicative ageing Preclinical only PMID
Vesugen Peptide KED: Molecular-Genetic Aspects of Neurogenesis Regulation in Alzheimer's Disease 2021 In vitro gene expression analysis Preclinical only PMID DOI
Vesugen Peptides tissue-specifically stimulate cell differentiation during their aging 2012 Organotypic and cell culture across tissue types, including Vesugen Preclinical only PMID DOI
Vesugen Effect of synthetic peptides on aging of patients with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome of the central nervous system in remission 2015 Uncontrolled human observation with multiple peptides administered in combination, Russian language Limited evidence PMID
Vilon A synthetic dipeptide vilon (L-Lys-L-Glu) inhibits growth of spontaneous tumors and increases life span of mice 2000 Mouse lifespan and spontaneous tumour study Preclinical only PMID
Vilon Effect of vilon on biological age and lifespan in mice 2000 Mouse ageing biomarker and lifespan study Preclinical only PMID DOI
Vilon Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line 2022 In vitro, human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage line, panel including Vilon (KE) and Epitalon (AEDG) Preclinical only PMID DOI
Vilon KE peptide regulates SIRT1, PARP1, PARP2 gene expression and protein synthesis in human mesenchymal stem cells aging 2023 In vitro, ageing human mesenchymal stem cell culture Preclinical only PMID
Vilon Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects 2004 Ex vivo, lymphocytes from elderly human donors Preclinical only PMID DOI
Vilon Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life 2003 Non-randomised open follow-up, 266 elderly subjects, 6-8 years Limited evidence PMID
voclosporin A randomized, controlled double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of dose-ranging voclosporin with placebo in achieving remission in patients with active lupus nephritis 2019 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-ranging trial (AURA-LV), 265 patients at 79 centres in 20 countries, two voclosporin doses versus placebo added to mycophenolate mofetil and rapidly tapered low-dose corticosteroids PMID DOI
voclosporin Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial 2021 Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3, 357 patients (179 voclosporin, 178 placebo) at 142 sites in 27 countries, on background mycophenolate mofetil and low-dose corticosteroids PMID DOI
voclosporin Safety and efficacy of long-term voclosporin treatment for lupus nephritis in the phase 3 AURORA 2 clinical trial 2024 Blinded continuation of AURORA 1 for a further two years, 216 patients, three years of total treatment PMID DOI
voclosporin Update on the efficacy and safety profile of voclosporin: an integrated analysis of clinical trials in lupus nephritis 2023 Integrated pooled analysis of the AURA-LV and AURORA 1 randomised trials PMID DOI
Vosoritide Once-daily, subcutaneous vosoritide therapy in children with achondroplasia: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial 2020 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial; n=121 children aged 5 to under 18 with achondroplasia; 24 sites in 7 countries; 52 weeks. Published as 396(10252):684-692. PMID DOI Trial
Vosoritide Vosoritide therapy in children with achondroplasia aged 3-59 months: a multinational, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial 2024 Multinational randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial; children aged 3 to 59 months with achondroplasia. Published as 8(1):40-50. PMID DOI Trial
Vosoritide C-type natriuretic peptide analogue therapy in children with achondroplasia 2019 Phase 2 open-label dose-finding and dose-escalation study in children with achondroplasia. Published as 381(1):25-35. PMID DOI
Vosoritide Vosoritide treatment for children with hypochondroplasia: a phase 2 trial 2024 Single-arm phase 2 trial of vosoritide in children with hypochondroplasia, a milder FGFR3-related skeletal dysplasia. Published as 71:102591. PMID DOI
Vosoritide Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study 2021 Open-label extension of the phase 3 programme; 2-year results. Published as 23(12):2443-2447. PMID DOI
Ziconotide Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS: a randomized controlled trial 2004 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 111 participants with refractory pain due to cancer or AIDS (68 ziconotide, 40 placebo, plus a crossover phase) PMID DOI
Ziconotide A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intrathecal ziconotide in adults with severe chronic pain 2006 Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 220 patients with severe chronic pain (112 ziconotide, 108 placebo), slow titration from 0.1 µg/hour over 3 weeks to a mean of 0.29 µg/hour PMID DOI